Anxiety and depression are among the top contributors to disability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), but little is known about their economic impact. This study estimates the economic burden of moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety and depression among adults in KSA.

A cross-sectional survey was administered via a web panel. Participants were asked to fill out the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) for themselves and on behalf of other household members to capture prevalence rates. Those who reported at least moderate symptoms of anxiety or depression filled out a longer survey with questions on healthcare utilisation and productivity losses due to symptoms. These responses were monetised using prevalence rates and population estimates to calculate per-person and total annual costs.

Prevalence estimates are based on responses from 1164 participants on behalf of 3202 Saudi adults. Of these, 269 individuals with symptoms completed the longer survey.

Prevalence of anxiety and depression; healthcare utilisation (medications, outpatient, inpatient) and productivity losses due to absenteeism and presenteeism.

In total, 26.2% reported at least moderate symptoms consistent with anxiety and/or depression. Among those with symptoms, direct healthcare costs due to anxiety and depression averaged Saudi riyal (SAR) 3431.95 per person annually. Indirect costs via absenteeism and presenteeism averaged SAR 9702.87 and SAR 24 577.28 per person assuming that anxiety and/or depression episodes last for 6 months. Summing up the healthcare costs and productivity losses yields a total annual economic burden of SAR 163.3 billion. Absenteeism accounts for 24.8% of this total (SAR 40.5 billion), presenteeism accounts for 62.8% (SAR 102.5 billion) and healthcare resource utilisation accounts for 12.4%(SAR 20.3 billion).

The overall prevalence of anxiety and depression in KSA is estimated at 26.2%. The economic burden associated with these symptoms amounts to SAR 163.3 billion or 4.1% of GDP. Absenteeism and presenteeism costs account for the vast majority of the total, but a large percentage (nearly 60%) also report emergency department visits and unplanned hospital admissions. Evidence-based interventions should be considered to address the health and economic burden of these conditions in KSA.

In Bangladesh, evidence on the long-term trajectory of adolescents' sexual and reproductive health (SRH) remains limited, largely due to the lack of longitudinal data to assess the changes over time. To address this gap, the Advancing Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (AdSEARCH) project of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) set up an adolescent cohort study aimed at documenting changes in SRH knowledge, attitudes and practices, and identifying the factors affecting these changes. This article presents the baseline sociodemographic and SRH characteristics of this cohort as a pathway for future analyses.

This cohort study included 2713 adolescents from the Baliakandi Health and Demographic Surveillance System run by icddr,b. The cohort covered three age groups from girls and boys, giving a total of five cohorts: girls aged 12, 14 and 16 years; and boys aged 14 and 16 years. A total of seven rounds of data had been collected at 4-month intervals over 2-years follow-up period.

The majority of adolescents were attending school (90%), and school dropouts were higher among boys. Around 17% of the respondents were involved in income-generating activities, which were mostly boys. Among girls, the mean age of menarche was 12.2 years. Overall, 6% of adolescents had major depressive disorder, with prevalence increasing with age. Gender differences were evident regarding knowledge about conception and contraception. Egalitarian attitudes towards social norms and gender roles were found higher among girls (52%) compared to boys (11%). The majority of adolescents reported experiencing social/verbal bullying (43%), followed by physical violence (38%) and cyberbullying (4%).

This article presents the baseline findings only. A series of papers is in the pipeline for submission to different peer-reviewed journals. The findings from this study will be used to support data-driven policy formulation for future adolescent health programmes.

Incretin-based drugs, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 RAs, are increasingly used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. While these agents have shown cardiovascular benefits, their effects on both cardiovascular outcomes and cardiac structure and function remain uncertain—particularly in patients with and without a history of heart failure (HF).

We will conduct a systematic review and search major medical databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science (CPCI-S)), as well as clinical trial registries from their inception and onwards to identify relevant randomised trials. The literature search is scheduled for July 2025. Two review authors will independently extract data and assess risk of bias. We will include randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of cagrilintide/semaglutide, liraglutide, semaglutide and tirzepatide in patients with and without a history of HF. The primary outcome will be cardiovascular mortality. Secondary outcomes will include HF hospitalisation, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic volume and left ventricular end-systolic volume. Data will be synthesised by aggregate data meta-analyses and trial sequential analysis. Risk of bias will be assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool, version 2, and the certainty of the evidence will be assessed by Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE).

As this study is a systematic review based on secondary analysis of published data, ethical approval is not required. Findings will be published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals.

CRD420251003374.

Fathers of preterm infants wish to be actively involved and attentive in caring for their children. The positive impacts of paternal caregiving on preterm infants’ cognitive and social development have been recognised. Awareness of the need to support fathers during early parenthood is increasing, but fathers may feel excluded when their infants are in the neonatal intensive care unit. Here, we present the protocol for a study involving the development and national implementation of a complex intervention supporting first-time fathers of preterm infants in early parenthood.

The study adheres to the Medical Research Council framework for complex interventions. A multicentre, prospective, non-blinded, quasi-experimental design will be applied to evaluate the effect of a clinical and technology-based intervention targeting both nurses and the fathers. Outcomes from participants enrolled during the control (2023–2024) and intervention (2025–2026) periods, comprising 295 fathers and their partners, will be compared. Effects on parental confidence, stress, depression and mood and family and reflective functioning as well as infants’ emotional and social development will be assessed. A comprehensive process evaluation will be applied using both qualitative and quantitative methods.

The study has been registered at Clinicaltrials.org [no. NCT0 6 116 747 (The SUPPORTED study – First-time Fathers of Preterm Infants), approved on 3 November 2023]. The Danish Data Protection Agency has approved the study (P-2022–792). The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.

NCT06116747.

The study aims to assess the magnitude of acute gastroenteritis and associated factors among under-five children visiting public hospitals in Jigjiga City, Somali Region, Ethiopia.

A hospital-based cross-sectional study design was used to carry out the study. We then employed a systematic random sampling technique through face-to-face interviews to gather the data. A structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic, behavioural, environmental and clinical factors was developed after reviewing relevant literature.

The study was conducted in public hospitals located in Jigjiga City, Somali Region, Ethiopia.

A total of 353 under-five children visiting public hospitals were involved in the study.

The primary outcome of the study was the prevalence of acute gastroenteritis.

The 2-week prevalence of acute gastroenteritis among under-five children was 24.6% (95% CI 23.4% to 25.9%). The study found strong links between acute gastroenteritis and having a household greater than five (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.94, 95% CI 1.55 to 5.60), an unprotected source of drinking water (AOR=2.74, 95% CI 1.29 to 5.82), unimproved latrine facilities (AOR=3.15, 95% CI 1.26 to 7.78), the presence of faeces around the latrine (AOR=3.53, 95% CI 1.77 to 7.03) and mothers or caregivers’ history of diarrhoea over the past 2 weeks (AOR=6.23, 95% CI 3.22 to 12.06).

The overall prevalence of acute gastroenteritis in Jigjiga City was relatively high in the 2-week period. Having a household greater than five, an unprotected source of drinking water and unimproved latrine facilities was a significant predictor of acute gastroenteritis. Additionally, the presence of faeces around the latrines and the history of diarrhoea in mothers or caregivers over the past 2 weeks were strongly linked to acute gastroenteritis.

Vaping among children and young people (CYP) has increased globally over the past decade, with rates stabilising in the UK in recent years. Factors such as curiosity, social influence, stress management and attractive flavours contribute to its popularity. Although the long-term health impacts are uncertain, vaping poses risks including nicotine dependence, cardiovascular and respiratory issues, and cognitive impairment, though evidence on long-term effects is still emerging. Despite established smoking cessation programmes for adults, tailored resources for vaping cessation among CYP remain scarce, particularly within healthcare settings, which offer unique opportunities for professional intervention and ongoing support. The objective of this review is to assess the extent and nature of available literature on interventions delivered in healthcare settings to support vaping cessation among CYP under the age of 18 years.

This scoping review will include studies targeting CYP under the age of 18 years, specifically focusing on interventions delivered within healthcare settings. Studies outside healthcare contexts or those without healthcare provider involvement will be excluded. Additionally, interventions delivered solely to parents or carers will not be considered.

A comprehensive search will be conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and CINAHL from January 2004 to present, with additional grey literature from sources including grey literature repositories and Google Scholar. Results will be imported into Rayyan for screening, with two independent reviewers assessing studies for inclusion. Data extraction will include study design, population characteristics (including explicit age ranges, specifically CYP under 18 years), intervention details and outcomes. A descriptive synthesis will map study characteristics, while thematic analysis will identify intervention themes and healthcare contexts.

Ethics approval is not required for this secondary analysis. Findings will be disseminated through publication, conference presentations and shared with public health stakeholders.

The rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including mental health disorders (MHDs) such as anxiety and depression, poses a significant public health challenge globally. Evidence suggests that both diabetes and hypertension, the two most prevalent NCDs, are linked to a higher prevalence of MHDs. However, there is a lack of evidence on prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression among adults living with both diabetes and hypertension in Bangladesh. We aimed to assess the prevalence of GAD and depression and explore the associated factors among adults living with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity in rural Bangladesh.

We implemented a cross-sectional study.

The study was conducted in Chirirbandar, a sub-district of Dinajpur, Bangladesh.

We interviewed a total of 387 adults living with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity.

We had two primary outcome measures: GAD and depression. Individuals scoring ≥10 on the General Anxiety Disorder-7 scale were considered as having GAD and individuals scoring ≥10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scale were considered as having depression. The outcome variables were dichotomised based on these scores.

The prevalence of GAD was 7.24% (95% CI 5.04 to 10.29). Education level (grades 5–9) (adjusted OR (AOR): 3.40, 95% CI 1.26 to 9.19) and household wealth status (highest wealth tertile) (AOR: 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.62) were associated with GAD. The prevalence of depression was 17.83% (95% CI 14.32 to 21.98). Socioeconomic factors associated with depression included unemployment (AOR: 3.26, 95% CI 1.05 to 10.10) and household wealth status (highest wealth tertile) (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.98). Higher odds of depression were also observed among participants with controlled hypertension (AOR: 3.88, 95% CI 1.81 to 8.35). Other factors, such as tobacco use, dietary diversity and physical activity, were not associated with GAD or depression.

A high prevalence of GAD and depression was observed among adults living with diabetes and hypertension comorbidity. The findings from the study emphasise the need for integration of mental health services into the existing non-communicable disease care. The identified factors associated with GAD or depression should be considered to develop targeted interventions for people with hypertension and diabetes comorbidity in Bangladesh.

Despite an increasing use of screens among preschool children and evidence suggesting potential adverse effects, there is a paucity of longitudinal research that aims to disentangle the multifaceted components of screen use and their unique associations with development. We present a protocol for a large-scale national longitudinal study with repeated measurements in Danish preschool children, with the aim of investigating the cross-sectional and cross-lagged longitudinal associations between screen use and psychological outcomes.

The Digital Child Study is a national prospective observational cohort of Danish preschool children. Baseline parent-report data collection commenced in 2024 via online questionnaires, and in total will include three time points over 1 year: baseline (age 4 years), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months (ages 4.5 and 5 years). Participants were divided into two waves based on birth dates, starting in March and September 2024. Recruitment targeted parents and primary caregivers of all Danish children born between specific dates in 2020. Of 30 235 children whose parents were sent invitations, baseline questionnaire data were available for 11 690 (39%).

Children’s screen use was measured by detailed information of amount, content and timing of children’s screen use, and the broader context, incorporating parental mediation strategies, attitudes, motivations and practices. Cognitive and socioemotional developmental outcomes were measured using validated tools such as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Nordic Five-to-Fifteen parent questionnaire and the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Preschool Version. Questionnaire data will be linked to national social and health registries to enable long-term follow-up. Statistical analyses will include longitudinal modelling to explore associations between screen use and developmental outcomes, with sensitivity analyses for robustness. The study’s large sample size provides high statistical power to detect meaningful effects.

The study adheres to ethical research guidelines, ensuring voluntary participation, confidentiality and compliance with data protection laws, with approvals from relevant authorities. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conferences and plain-language summaries to engage stakeholders and the broader community.

The postnatal period is critical for preventing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Globally, a significant proportion of maternal and neonatal deaths occur within the first 6 weeks after delivery. Timely and adequate postnatal care (PNC) can detect and manage life-threatening complications; however, service utilisation remains alarmingly low in many low- and middle-income countries, including Saudi Arabia. Addressing the behavioural and perceptual factors that influence service use is essential for improving health outcomes.

This study aimed to assess mothers’ utilisation of PNC services and examine how their health beliefs and sociodemographic characteristics influence this behaviour.

A cross-sectional study guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM) was conducted to explore predictors of PNC utilisation.

Eight primary healthcare (PHC) centres were randomly selected from 179 PHC centres distributed in the different governorates of the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia.

A total of 464 mothers were surveyed between October and December 2023 using an interviewer-administered questionnaire.

The primary outcome was PNC utilisation, defined by the number of postnatal visits. The independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics and HBM constructs (perceived susceptibility, benefits, barriers and cues to action).

In terms of PNC utilisation, 80.0% of participants had two or fewer postnatal visits, whereas 20.0% had three or more postnatal visits. Perceived barriers had the strongest influence (mean score 2.51±0.87), followed by cues to action (2.43±0.89), susceptibility (1.92±0.72) and benefits (1.86±0.64). In the multivariate analysis, perceived barriers, cues to action and perceived susceptibility were significantly associated with PNC utilisation, with adjusted ORs of 1.679 (95% CI: 1.007 to 2.799), 0.470 (95% CI: 0.256 to 0.863) and 0.405 (95% CI: 0.197 to 0.832), respectively.

PNC utilisation in the Jazan region remains suboptimal. Perceptual factors, particularly barriers and cues to action, play a central role in service use. Health interventions targeting these beliefs and improving follow-up mechanisms may help increase PNC engagement and improve maternal and infant health outcomes in Saudi Arabia.

Depression, affecting 350 million people globally, is notably prevalent among medical students, particularly in South Asia, including Bangladesh. Despite several studies, no meta-analysis has systematically examined the prevalence and contributing factors of depression to address the mental health burden. This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol aims to consolidate findings on the regional prevalence and key risk factors among Bangladeshi medical students.

The research team will search the Medline (Pubmed), Scopus, Web of science, Embase, PsycInfo, BanglaJOL and Google Scholar electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for published studies from their inception till 1^St March 2025, using truncated and phrase-searched keywords and relevant Medical Subject Headings (MeSHs). Observational studies, including cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies published within the timeframe and following any validated depression assessment tools, with no language restriction, reporting bangladeshi medical students, will be included for the review. Review papers, intervention studies, commentaries, preprints, meeting abstracts, protocols, unpublished studies and letters will be excluded. Two independent reviewers (SS, IA) will screen the retrieved papers using Rayyan, a web-based application, while any disagreements between them will be resolved by a third reviewer (ATS). Exposure will refer to different factors associated with depression among Bangladeshi medical students. Prevalence of depression and associated factors will be extracted. Narrative synthesis (Qualitative information) and meta-analysis (Quantitative data) will be conducted to assess the pooled prevalence using the random-effects meta-analysis (REML) model. For enhanced visualisation of the included studies, forest and funnel plots will be constructed. Heterogeneity among the studies will be assessed using the I ² statistic, sensitivity,and subgroup analyses will be conducted, if necessary, based on study heterogeneity. The quality of the included studies will be assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (mNOS) tool developed for observational study designs. All statistical analyses and visualization will be conducted using the R studio v.4.3.2 with built-in "meta"-packages and GraphPad Prism v.9.0.2.

This review will analyse existing published evidence. Findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated through conferences, policy forums and stakeholders to guide future research and interventions.

CRD 420251006480.

Indigenous Mayan-Yucatecan communities in Mexico have a high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity and rheumatic diseases (RMDs). According to the syndemic theory, these diseases combined with social, economic and cultural factors affect the quality of life. The aim of this protocol is to describe the methodological process to create, implement and evaluate a Syndemic-Based Care Model (SCM), using a Community Based-Participatory Research (CBPR) strategy in three Mayan-Yucatecan communities.

This is a convergent mixed-methods protocol. The quantitative component is a before-after study, and the qualitative component is an ethnographic study. The intervention will be a SCM co-constructed with Mayan communities based on their particular needs and aiming for reduction of the negative impact of NCD/RMD through a multidisciplinary approach. We will follow four phases of the CBPR: (1) situational analysis, through community censuses and semistructured interviews to understand the prevalence of NCDs and the syndemics in these communities; (2) co-construction of the elements of a SCM based on the health priorities identified by researchers, community members and healthcare workers; (3) implementation of this SCM and (4) evaluation of the SCM through (1) statistical analyses involving the construction of a syndemic index through stepwise logistic regression of the normalised and standardised key clinical, social and economic variables; interval and ratio variables will be normalised by their z-score and categorical variables will be one-hot encoded; similarity and social networks analysis with clustering to identify syndemic subpopulations; and cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses using Markov modelling and (2) narrative and thematic qualitative analysis of the SCM’s implementation and impact on community members’ health, function and quality of life.

Research ethics boards of participant institutions approved this research protocol. This project will be presented to municipal authorities, community meetings and community leaders for observation and acceptance. For people who wish to participate, informed consent will be provided written and verbally in Spanish or Mayan-Yucatecan according to the participant preferences, and it can be signed by either autograph or fingerprint. The results of this research will be disseminated to various groups: (a) local and regional authorities of the Mexican health system and municipal authorities; (b) the participating communities will be informed in an assembly of the results and (c) academic dissemination will be done through publications in public science journals and institutional press releases and will also be presented at national and international congresses or symposia.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) among adult diabetic patients in Northwest Ethiopia, 2023.

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a systematic random sampling method.

The study was conducted in the University of Gondar, Debre Tabor, Felege Hiwot, Tibebe Ghion and Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia.

The study included 1174 adult diabetic patients aged 18 years or older who had resided in Northwest Ethiopia for more than 6 months.

The primary outcome was the prevalence of POAG among adult diabetic patients in Northwest Ethiopia, 2023. The second outcome was the associated factors of POAG among adult diabetic patients.

A total of 1134 study participants participated, with a response rate of 96.5%. The median age of the participants was 53 years, with an IQR of 37–62 years. The prevalence of POAG was 14.37% (95% CI 12.30 to 16.30). Older age (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.97, 95% CI 1.25 to 7.04), long duration of diabetic mellitus (AOR=3.54, 95% CI 2.27 to 5.51), poor blood glucose level (AOR=2.61, 95% CI 1.50 to 4.54), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (AOR=4.91, 95% CI 2.10 to 11.46) and intraocular pressure (IOP) (AOR=9.15, 95% CI 6.01 to 13.93) were significantly associated factors with POAG.

This study revealed that the proportion of POAG among adult diabetic patients was high. Older age, long duration of diabetes mellitus, poor blood glucose level, PDR and IOP were positively associated with POAG.

The use of different electronic devices is increasing among students due to rapid advancements in digital technology. The prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) has increased among school children after the COVID-19 pandemic. Different symptoms of CVS, such as eye strain, headache, blurred vision and visual discomfort, have become major public health problems. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CVS, identify its risk factors, evaluate parental awareness and examine the impact of COVID-19 on screen time among primary school children in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Primary data were collected from the parents of 500 primary school students aged 5–14 years using a convenience sampling method through face-to-face interviews. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect demographic information, screen usage patterns, ambient conditions and details regarding the children’s academic performance. The Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire scale was used to assess the prevalence and severity of CVS. Various statistical analyses were performed, including ² tests, Fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression, to identify significant predictors of CVS (p

Findings revealed that 16.4% of children were affected by CVS, with key risk factors including age, school year, maternal education and daily screen time. Children with CVS commonly reported headaches and itchy eyes, which negatively impacted their academic performance. Surprisingly, 67.4% of parents were unaware of CVS, and the odds of developing CVS were 3.74 times higher among children using electronic devices for more than 4 hours daily.

The study explored the low prevalence of CVS among primary school students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Several symptoms, like headaches and eye discomfort, were identified that impaired their academic performance. Additionally, many parents were largely unaware of CVS. Therefore, it is necessary to take proper strategies to be aware of the consequences and lessen the prevalence of CVS to save our future generation.

The goal of the study was to determine the magnitude and contributing factors of low back pain among primary school teachers in Borama Town, Somaliland.

An institution-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed. Simple random sampling was used to select the study units from each school.

The study was conducted in Borama, Somaliland.

A total of 268 primary school teachers participated in the study.

The primary outcome of the study was the prevalence of low back pain.

The study found that 51.5% of school teachers had low back pain. There was a strong link between low back pain and having a higher Body Mass Index (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.63) and stress at work (AOR=3.34). Sleep disturbance (AOR=1.73), lifting heavy materials (AOR=1.67) and a history of low back injury (AOR=2.12) were also significant predictors of low back pain.

More than half of primary school teachers had low back pain over the past 12 months. Higher Body Mass Index, history of low back injury, stress at work, lifting heavy material and sleep disturbance were significant and independent predictors of low back pain among primary school teachers.

Gestational diabetes is a common metabolic disorder in pregnancy which identifies a substantial increased risk of future diabetes. Despite this risk, many individuals are not screened for dysglycaemia in the postpartum period. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an evolving technology that provides details of an individual’s glucose levels throughout the day; however, it has not yet been evaluated as a screening tool for postpartum dysglycaemia. To address this gap, this prospective cohort study will examine the use of CGM in the early postpartum period to predict the risk of maternal dysglycaemia after delivery.

The Predicting Dysglycaemia in Individuals with Gestational Diabetes Immediately Postpartum using CGM (PREDISPOSE) study is a prospective cohort study designed to assess the ability of a CGM device (Freestyle Libre 2) worn in the postpartum period to detect persistent dysglycaemia in individuals with gestational diabetes. The study will recruit 240 individuals with gestational diabetes. Each participant will wear the CGM immediately postpartum and before attending routine postpartum diabetes screening, consisting of a 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and related blood work (haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), complete blood count and lipid profile). The primary outcome is the accuracy of the area under the curve for all glucose measurements from the first CGM wear to detect postpartum dysglycaemia. We will perform sensitivity and specificity analyses to determine optimal CGM cut-offs to diagnose diabetes or prediabetes. Secondary outcomes include the incidence of postpartum dysglycaemia (based on 75-gram OGTT and/or HbA1c), incidence of postpartum dyslipidaemia, patient acceptability of CGM testing, data variability from CGM and cardiometabolic health outcomes diagnosed in years one, two and five after delivery.

All participating sites have received ethics approval of the current protocol and have started recruitment of participants to the study. The ethics boards that approved this study are the Biomedical Research Ethics Board at the University of Manitoba, the Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board at the University of Calgary, the Mount Sinai Hospital Research Ethics Board at Mount Sinai Hospital and the Comité d'éthique de la Recherche at Université Laval. Study results will be disseminated through conference presentations and publication in a peer-reviewed journal, regardless of study findings.

NCT04972955. Registration date: 28 June 2021.

Patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are at high risk of developing post-treatment recurrences (50–78%) during follow-up. As more effective treatments are now available, especially for patients with oligometastatic disease, earlier detection of recurrences may prolong survival and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). With the use of 2'-deoxy-2'-[¹⁸F]fluoroglucose positron emission tomography/CT ([¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT) during follow-up, recurrences may be detected earlier. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to compare the 3-year overall survival of patients with stage III NSCLC during follow-up surveillance with [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT versus follow-up with conventional CT (usual care). Secondary objectives address the number, location and timing of recurrences, as well as HRQOL, cost-effectiveness and patient experiences of PET/CT scans.

In this multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial, 690 patients with stage III NSCLC (8th edition International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis (TNM) classification) who completed curative intended treatment and started follow-up care (which may include adjuvant therapy) will be randomised 1:1 to either the intervention ([¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT) or the control group (CT). Patients will undergo follow-up scans during visits at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months. Data will be collected using validated questionnaires, electronic case report forms and data extractions from the electronic health records. Additionally, blood samples will be collected, and interviews will be conducted.

The study protocol has been approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Radboudumc and review boards of all participating centres. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Study results will be published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals and presented at relevant scientific conferences. Data will be published in a data repository or other online data archive.

NCT06082492.

To study the reliability and validity of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) scores measured using a questionnaire versus abstraction of medical records, and to test whether the scores vary by history of bilateral oophorectomy, or by age and presence of anxiety or depressive symptoms at the time of questionnaire administration.

The study involved a reliability component and a predictive validity component.

A population-based sample in Olmsted County, Minnesota, was derived from the Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Oophorectomy and Aging-2.

We included 198 women who underwent premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy for a non-malignant indication between 1988 and 2007 and 174 referent women of the same age randomly sampled from the general population (total of 372 women). At a later time (median of 22.7 years later), the women were contacted and invited to self-administer the ACE questionnaire during an inperson visit. Independent of the visit, their medical records were abstracted for ACE by a physician.

Questionnaire and abstraction-based ACE scores.

Agreement between the two ACE scores (reliability; weighted kappa statistics) and comparison of incidence of multimorbidity in women with ACE scores ≥1 vs 0 (predictive validity; survival analyses). Data were analysed in March and April 2024.

The 372 women in the study had a median age of 65 years at the time of ACE questionnaire self-administration (IQR, 62–69). Questionnaire-based ACE scores showed moderate agreement with abstracted ACE scores (weighted kappa 0.44 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.54)). The cut-off score of ACE ≥1 showed an overall fair agreement between the two scores (kappa 0.33 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.43)). A comparison of the cumulative incidence of multimorbidity in women with an ACE score ≥1 versus women with ACE score of 0 yielded a HR of 1.13 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.27) for abstracted ACE and 1.13 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.27) for questionnaire-based ACE. The best predictive validity was for ACE measured by both methods combined (either or) with a HR of 1.29 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.46).

Questionnaire-based ACE scores have moderate agreement with medical records abstracted ACE scores. However, both sets of ACE scores are predictive of the accumulation of multimorbidity at older age and should be considered complementary.

Misinformation about cardiovascular health has the potential to negatively impact public health outcomes. Understanding the nature and spread of such misinformation is crucial for developing effective interventions to mitigate this potential risk. However, despite the critical importance of this issue, there is a gap in comprehensive reviews mapping the existing literature on cardiovascular health misinformation. This scoping review aims to map the existing literature on cardiovascular health misinformation, identifying its spread, prevalence, impact and strategies for correction across diverse populations and settings.

This review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines for conducting a scoping review. A comprehensive search will be conducted across multiple databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science, along with grey literature sources. The last date of search was January 2025. The review will include studies without date that involve individuals affected by cardiovascular disease (CVD) misinformation, examine the spread, prevalence, impact or correction of misinformation related to cardiovascular health, and capture various cultural, geographic or setting-specific factors. The exclusion criteria include studies that do not directly address misinformation related to CVD. All identified records will be imported into Covidence systematic review software. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts, followed by full-text reviews of potentially relevant studies. Discrepancies will be resolved through discussion or by consulting a third reviewer. Data extraction will be conducted by two reviewers using a pre-piloted tool, and a descriptive presentation of the findings will be done. Both inductive and deductive content analysis methods will be employed for objectives related to the impact and strategies to combat misinformation.

Given that the study involves synthesising data from existing published literature, ethical approval is not required. The findings will be disseminated through international conference presentations, published in a peer-reviewed journal and shared with public health organisations and policymakers.

This study aims to assess the level of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and its associated determinants among hypertensive patients in Jigjiga, Somali Region, Ethiopia using the WHO 10-year CVD risk score.

An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed.

Hypertensive patients aged 40–74 years in two public hospitals in Jigjiga, Somali Region, Ethiopia, from 20 December 2023 to 20 February 2024.

Randomly selected 344 hypertensive patients aged 40–74 years with a duration of 1 year or more from the time of diagnosis and at least having 6-month follow-up.

10-year CVD risk level was assessed by using WHO 10-year CVD risk score. Risk levels were categorised as low (

Associated factors influencing CVD risk.

The study included 341 hypertensive individuals, with a 99.1% response rate. Of the respondents, 58.9% were men. The overall prevalence of CVD risk within the coming 10 years was 134 (39.3%; 95% CI: 34.1% to 44.5%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age, khat chewing, smoking and comorbid conditions as significant independent predictors of CVD risk. Specifically, individuals aged 60–69 years had an adjusted OR (AOR) of 3.97 (95% CI: 1.94 to 8.16) and those aged 70–74 years had an AOR of 2.99 (95% CI: 1.57 to 5.71). Khat chewers had an AOR of 2.58 (95% CI: 1.22 to 5.46), smokers an AOR of 3.44 (95% CI: 1.59 to 7.48) and individuals with comorbidities an AOR of 2.42 (95% CI: 1.47 to 3.99).

There is a significant increase in 10-year CVD risk among hypertensive patients in the study area. Age, khat chewing, smoking and comorbidities were independent predictors. Regular CVD risk screening for older patients, focused health education to reduce khat and tobacco use and integrated management of comorbidities are essential to lower future cardiovascular risk.

We aimed to analyse the time trends of cardiometabolic risk factors in Senegal from 1975 to 2021.

Ecological study of publicly available data from the WHO Health Inequality Data Repository.

Disaggregated datasets from publicly available sources.

Trends of age-standardised prevalence rates, stratified by sex for tobacco use, obesity, diabetes and hypertension, were analysed for significance.

Only data from Senegal were included in this study.

Tobacco use decreased in both sexes between 2000 and 2021, from 1.7% to 0.7% (p value 0.04) in females and from 28.1% to 12.8% (p value 0.04) in males. Obesity and overweight increased in both sexes between 1975 and 2016, from 14.2% to 35.9% (p value

Our findings highlight changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in Senegal between 1975 and 2020 by sex. While tobacco use declined, rates of obesity, diabetes and hypertension increased. These findings underscore the need for strategies to mitigate this increase in cardiometabolic risk factors and a consequential rise in non-communicable diseases.