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To summarize the current evidence on reducing loneliness among informal caregivers of people with dementia, such as family members or friends.
A systematic review.
The methodological quality was evaluated using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized controlled trials and the revised JBI critical appraisal checklist for quasi-experimental studies. Data were extracted as predefined and synthesized narratively. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication checklist was used to report the intervention characteristics.
Six electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science Core Collection) were searched for studies published in peer-reviewed English journals from the inception of each database until 28 January 2024.
Eight studies were included in this review, published between 2002 and 2023, with three being randomized controlled trials. All included interventions were psychosocial. Only one study reported significant improvements in loneliness. Five studies utilized remote and online interventions, such as social networking, psychotherapy, and online social support. Interventions varied in their impact on secondary outcomes, including stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and caregiver burden. Four studies demonstrated a positive effect on caregiver stress levels. One pilot trial reported a positive impact on depressive symptoms, and another study noted potential improvements in anxiety. One pilot study reported an average improvement in caregiver burden.
While the evidence is insufficient for conclusive statements, this systematic review suggests potential benefits of interventions to reduce loneliness and improve mental health among these caregivers. It highlights the promise of remote interventions in addressing loneliness among dementia caregivers.
The findings suggest that tailored interventions, especially those delivered remotely, can enhance the support provided to caregivers, potentially improving their mental health and overall well-being.
This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA statement.
No patient or public contribution.
Hospital-at-home (HaH) is becoming more widely available to children with cancer, providing care in a familiar environment while upholding medical safety and quality. Little is known, however, about how these children experience their parents' caregiving in the context of HaH, how they perceive and interpret parental roles, what they require in daily care, and how they communicate these needs.
Seven children aged 7 to 12 years undergoing home-based cancer treatment were interviewed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). These interviews, conducted via telephone, were open-ended and exploratory, allowing the children to express their experiences freely.
One major theme—‘the child's voice’—emerged, encompassing two interrelated sub-themes: (1) parental presence as a condition of care; and (2) the strategies children use to express their voice. Parental presence was described as essential for emotional security, predictability and meaning, serving as both a psychological anchor and a temporal organiser in the child's daily life. The children expressed their voice through multiple forms—verbal, gestural, symptom-focused or silent—revealing their active participation in care and their capacity to preserve relational and emotional continuity within the family setting.
Children with cancer perceive HaH as more than a transfer of hospital treatment; they experience it as a shared relational experience built on parental presence and mutual understanding. Recognising and supporting the child's voice in its various forms is vital for ensuring that HaH becomes not only a site for medical care but also a meaningful space for living.
Our findings highlight the need for healthcare teams to take into account the variety of children's voices and grant them a real place in HaH. They are not simply recipients of care, but also active participants in the care relationship, capable of expressing their needs, emotions, and expectations in their own way.
No patient or public contribution.
To examine the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between medication adherence and self-care behaviours in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease by describing their levels and exploring the interconnections among these variables.
Multicenter, cross-sectional.
A total of 452 patients were recruited through consecutive non-probabilistic sampling across nine Italian outpatient Inflammatory Bowel Disease Units. Data were collected using validated tools: the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8, the Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and mediation analyses were performed to explore associations and the mediating role of self-efficacy between medication adherence and self-care behaviours.
Participants had a mean age of 43.49 years; 50.9% were male, 49.2% had Crohn's disease, and 50.8% had ulcerative colitis. Only 10.2% reported high medication adherence, while most showed medium or low adherence. The mean self-efficacy score was 74.82. Medication adherence was positively associated with self-care maintenance, and self-efficacy statistically accounted for part of this association. Lower levels were observed in self-care monitoring and management behaviours.
Medication adherence was positively associated with self-care maintenance, and self-efficacy partially explained this relationship.
Routine assessment of medication adherence and self-efficacy may help identify patients at risk of poor self-care. Interventions aimed at strengthening self-efficacy, such as motivational interviewing, nurse-led counselling, and digital monitoring tools, may improve adherence and self-care maintenance.
The study addressed low medication adherence and suboptimal self-care in patients with IBD. Findings support integrating self-efficacy-enhancing strategies into multidisciplinary care to improve adherence and self-care behaviours.
Patients completed validated self-report questionnaires; however, they were not involved in the study design, conduct, analysis, or manuscript preparation.
To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of adults with Long COVID 2 years and beyond after COVID-19 illness.
Cross-sectional study.
Health status was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L instrument among 226 adults diagnosed in primary care with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 during the 2021 pandemic. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey using a standardized questionnaire with a set of validated clinical outcomes for Long COVID. The sample consisted of adults aged ≥ 18 years who attended the specified ambulatory settings, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and agreed to be interviewed; the response rate was 70%. Health utility scores were compared between adults with and without Long COVID. Multivariate logistic regressions were applied to investigate the relationship between Long COVID and health-related quality of life outcomes.
Primary data were collected from six public Family Health Care Units in João Pessoa, Brazil, between May 2023 and July 2024.
Adults with Long COVID had statistically significantly lower median utility scores (0.784, IQR: 0.633–0.902) than those without persistent symptoms (1.0, IQR: 0.877–1.0). Poorer HRQOL was more evident among women, older adults, non-White individuals, participants with pre-existing chronic diseases, and those with lower educational attainment. Long COVID was associated with impairments in anxiety/depression, pain/discomfort and usual activities.
Adults with Long COVID experienced poorer HRQOL 2 years or longer after mild-to-moderate infection compared with those without persistent symptoms, regardless of sex, age, ethnicity, education level or comorbidities. These findings support the implementation of targeted interventions and rehabilitation services in primary care for individuals experiencing long-term health problems following COVID-19 illness.
Identifying adults at greater risk of persistent health impairments following COVID-19 may help health professionals, caregivers and policymakers better address the aspects of patients' lives that lack quality and develop a multidisciplinary approach in primary care to managing this condition.
What problem did the study address? ○
This study examined the association between persistent symptoms 2 years or longer after non-severe COVID-19 illness and health-related quality of life.
What were the main findings? ○
Long COVID was associated with poorer health-related quality of life, particularly in the domains of anxiety/depression, pain/discomfort and usual activities.
Where and on whom will the research have an impact? ○
The findings highlight the need for multidisciplinary management of long-term health problems among adult COVID-19 survivors in primary care.
The STROBE checklist was followed.
No patient or public contribution.
This study aimed to (1) implement a Safety Protocol of Thirst Management (SPTM) as an evidence-based practice for quenching postoperative thirst and (2) evaluate its effectiveness using a comparative pre-and-post induction design.
A quasi-experimental study using propensity scored matching.
Guided by the Iowa Model, the SPTM was implemented at a tertiary medical centre in Taiwan in 2023. Outcomes were compared between adult surgical patients admitted in 2023 (post-induction) and those admitted prior (pre-induction). Data on thirst and pain intensity, body temperature, and PACU length of stay (LOS) were analyzed for 15,168 patients.
A standardized SPTM flow diagram was established. Following SPTM induction, mean thirst scores significantly decreased from 5.76 to 1.30 (p < 0.001). Although pain intensity and PACU LOS (63.63 vs. 62.23 min) showed statistically significant increases, these changes were clinically marginal. Body temperature remained stable with no incidence of perioperative hypothermia.
The Iowa Model effectively guides nursing organizations in translating evidence into practice. The SPTM provides a safe, consistent framework for nurses to alleviate postoperative thirst, significantly enhancing the quality of surgical care.
This study addresses the lack of standardized thirst management. Results demonstrate that an evidence-based SPTM protocol effectively quenches thirst without increasing adverse clinical risks.
The SPTM was triggered by patient reports of thirst-related distress. During the design phase, patient feedback on the acceptability of cold oral stimuli was used to refine the protocol. While patients did not participate in the data analysis, the primary outcome (thirst intensity) was selected based on its significance to patient-cantered care.
This study was reported according to TIDieR guideline.
To assess the resilience of nurses exposed to workplace violence and analyse its influencing factors.
A cross-sectional study.
From October 2023 to April 2025, 396 nurses were recruited from hospitals in Shanghai and Nanjing, China. Personal Information Form, Hospital Workplace Violence Questionnaire, Resilience Assessment Scale for Medical Staff, General Self-efficacy Scale and Social Support Rating Scale were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and mediating effect analysis were used to analyse the data.
The mean resilience score was 67.38 ± 15.52. Professional title, self-efficacy and social support were the main influencing factors on resilience among nurses exposed to workplace violence. Resilience showed a significant positive correlation with both self-efficacy and social support. Self-efficacy was directly and positively associated with resilience, and was positively associated with social support, and social support partially mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience.
Self-efficacy is directly and positively associated with resilience. Social support partially mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience. These findings highlight the interaction between personal and environmental factors in shaping the resilience of nurses exposed to workplace violence.
Enhancing resilience among nurses exposed to workplace violence has important implications for increasing patient satisfaction and improving the quality of nursing.
Provided valuable insights into workplace violence within the nursing profession. Social support partially mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and resilience. Improving nurses' resilience requires enhancing personal self-efficacy and strengthening social support systems.
STROBE checklist was used.
To examine the association between compassion fatigue and spiritual care competence amongst palliative care nurses, investigate the mediating role of palliative care quality and determine the moderating effect of job satisfaction.
Palliative care nurses face intense emotional demands and end-of-life stressors, increasing their risk of compassion fatigue and potentially affecting care delivery. Spiritual care competence is central to holistic palliative nursing; however, its association with compassion fatigue and the organisational factors shaping this relationship remain unclear.
A cross-sectional, correlational study.
Using a convenience sampling approach, 141 nurses working in palliative care units across hospitals in different regions of Türkiye were recruited. Data were collected between April and August 2024 via an online questionnaire including demographic variables and validated instruments measuring compassion fatigue, palliative care quality, spiritual care competence and job satisfaction. Data were analysed using SPSS and PROCESS macro.
The mean spiritual care competence score was 107.9 ± 14.7. Compassion fatigue was negatively associated with palliative care quality and spiritual care competence, whereas palliative care quality was positively associated with spiritual care competence. Mediation analysis indicated a significant indirect association between compassion fatigue and spiritual care competence through palliative care quality. Moderated mediation analysis indicated that this indirect effect was significant only amongst nurses reporting higher job satisfaction.
Compassion fatigue was negatively associated with palliative care nurses' spiritual care competence. Mediation analysis suggested that this association was statistically explained by palliative care quality, whilst job satisfaction moderated the relationship between compassion fatigue and care quality.
Addressing compassion fatigue as a critical occupational risk in palliative care nursing is essential. Organisational strategies that enhance job satisfaction and support high-quality care delivery may help sustain nurses' spiritual care competence and promote high-quality palliative nursing practise.
No patients or members of the public were involved in this study. Palliative care nurses participated by completing online questionnaires.
This cross-sectional study was reported in accordance with the STROBE Statement.
To assess perceived patient safety competencies among nursing students and to examine their associations with their perceptions regarding clinical learning environment and unfinished nursing care.
An international comparative cross-sectional study.
A total of 1442 nursing students from the Czech Republic, Italy, Slovakia, and Türkiye participated between February and December 2025. Data were collected using the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey, the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher scale, and the Unfinished Nursing Care Survey for Students. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, Spearman correlations, and multivariate general linear modelling were applied.
Students reported significantly higher patient safety competencies in clinical compared with academic settings (p ≤ 0.001). Significant cross-country differences were observed across all competency domains (p ≤ 0.001). Perceived patient safety competencies were positively correlated with the overall quality of the clinical learning environment (r = 0.356–0.420; p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with unfinished nursing care (r = −0.107 to −0.171; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that pedagogical atmosphere, premises of nursing care, supervisory relationship, and particularly the role of the nurse teacher were significant predictors of patient safety competencies.
The development of nursing students' patient safety competencies is closely linked to the quality of clinical learning environments. Strengthening educational and organisational conditions within clinical placements may play an important role in preparing future nurses for safe clinical practice.
Improving the quality of clinical learning environments, strengthening supervision, and addressing unfinished nursing care may support the development of nursing students' patient safety competencies and contribute to safer patient care.
The study was carried out according to the STROBE checklist.
No Patient or Public Contribution.
To identify distinct dyadic coping patterns among prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy and their spouses using a person-centred approach, and to explore factors associated with these patterns to inform the development of personalised interventions.
A cross-sectional, observational study design.
A total of 223 patient-spouse dyads were recruited from two tertiary urology departments in Guangdong Province, China, between October 2024 and August 2025. All participants completed a general information questionnaire and the Dyadic Coping Inventory. Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct coping profiles. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed to examine factors associated with profile membership.
Among 223 patient-spouse dyads, four distinct dyadic coping profiles were identified: Efficient Coping (12.0%), Ambivalent Coping (30.0%), Stable Coping (53.8%), and Coping Distress (4.0%). The small Coping Distress subgroup (n = 9) was excluded from further analysis. Higher dyadic coping levels were associated with patient education of high school or above, absence of tumour recurrence, sufficient patient-perceived family support, low-to-moderate spouse-perceived medical burden, frequent dyadic communication, and sufficient spouse-perceived friend/colleague support. Spouse-perceived insufficient family support was unexpectedly associated with better dyadic coping.
Dyadic coping patterns among prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy and their spouses are heterogeneous. Healthcare professionals should identify distinct dyadic coping characteristics and provide personalised nursing interventions based on the key influencing factors identified in this study.
This study provides a person-centred classification framework for dyadic coping in couples undergoing androgen deprivation therapy, enabling nurses and other healthcare professionals to deliver targeted, stratified psychosocial care. Early identification of vulnerable couples, particularly those in the ambivalent coping subgroup, helps prevent maladaptive coping and alleviate psychological distress. By addressing modifiable factors including communication, family support, and caregiver burden, clinical practice can more effectively improve the psychosocial well-being and quality of life of both patients and their spouses throughout androgen deprivation therapy.
This study adheres to the relevant EQUATOR guidelines (STROBE) for cross-sectional studies.
Patients and their spouses were involved in the design of the study by providing feedback on the clarity and relevance of the questionnaire items during a pilot phase. They also participated in data collection by completing the self-report measures, and their input informed the interpretation of the findings related to dyadic coping experiences.
To explore emergency department triage nurses' scope of practice and activities related to their triage role and management of patients located in emergency department waiting areas.
Exploratory, descriptive, observational study using naturalistic decision making.
Data were collected using semi-structured non-participant observation: researchers recorded their observations using a lapel microphone and recorder from 8 January to 7 May 2025. Fifteen triage nurses from three emergency departments in Melbourne, Australia were observed for 2 to 2.5 h each. Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed using deductive content analysis. The HIRAID emergency nursing framework (History including Infection risk, Red flags, Assessment, Interventions, Diagnostics, reassessment and communication) was used as the coding frame.
Participants had a median of 10 (interquartile range 7.5–21) years nursing and 5 (interquartile range 3.2–13) years triage experience. During a total of 33 observation hours, there were 303 interactions, including 237 interactions with 169 different patients; the remainder were with carers or other clinicians. In total, 1183 tasks were coded ranging from 12 to 128 tasks per triage nurse. The most common tasks were: taking a history (n = 475); post-triage communication with patients, carers and other clinicians (n = 288); patient assessment including vital signs and focussed assessments (n = 165); and interventions including medications and psychological care (n = 134). All elements of taking a history, identifying red flags and assessment were more common during the triage process, with few instances during post-triage care. Interventions (medication administration, psychological care), diagnostics (pathology, imaging, urinalysis) and communication with patients, carers and other clinicians occurred during both triage and post-triage care.
Triage nurse practice is complex, multifaceted and extends beyond triage category allocation.
The traditional perspective that triage and post-triage care are linear and clearly divided is not fit for purpose in contemporary triage practice.
The scope of triage nurses' practice both in the context of triage of incoming patients and care of patients in ED waiting areas is poorly understood. The role of triage nurses extends far beyond rapid assessment and triage category allocation and triage nurses use a breadth of expertise and skills to maintain safety, promote comfort and expedite emergency care for patients in ED waiting areas. History, red flags and assessment were more likely during the triage process than post-triage, but interventions, diagnostics and communication spanned both triage and post-triage care. Future triage and waiting area models of care and educational preparation of triage nurses should be co-designed with triage nurses and consumers, so they reflect care as delivered rather than care as imagined.
Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ).
No patient or public contribution.
(1) To explore community health nurses' experiences of implementing trauma-informed care in a general health context to individuals impacted by sexual assault or domestic violence; and (2) to identify essential components of implementing trauma-informed care in general health settings.
A naturalistic inquiry approach was used, incorporating a focus group (n = 4) and a semi-structured interview (n = 1) with community health nurses who implement trauma-informed care in general health services in Victoria, Australia. Data were inductively analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.
Nurse descriptions of implementing trauma-informed care are described across four main themes demonstrating competence in translating theory into trauma-informed care. These nurses recognised what trauma can look like in patients. They were able to identify the essential components of trauma-informed care, determine when trauma-informed care is working, and describe the benefits to clinicians. Themes demonstrate that implementation of trauma-informed care enables recognition of trauma, can help reduce the risk of re-traumatisation (through anticipating and planning interventions to support the unique needs of trauma survivors), can strengthen patient-centred care for trauma survivors, and enhance the experiences of clinicians and survivors alike.
Implementation of trauma-informed care into general health settings has the potential to enhance person-centred care with professionals trained to anticipate, recognise, and respond to trauma. Recommendations from this study include future research on building capacity for all healthcare providers to understand the importance of taking a trauma-informed approach to care, and large-scale evaluation of the impact of trauma-informed care approaches in mainstream health services on trauma responsiveness, patient satisfaction, and staff morale.
This study provides an understanding of the benefits associated with implementing trauma-informed care in generalist settings with important implications for training, practice and research.
There was no involvement of patients in this study; however, one of the authors is a lived-experience researcher in this topic area.
EQUATOR guidelines were followed, using the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist.
To estimate the prevalence of loneliness, social isolation, and their co-occurrence among people living with HIV and to explore factors explaining heterogeneity between estimates.
A systematic review and meta-analysis.
PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO Citation Index (via Web of Science), Scopus, Embase, PsycArticles, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were searched from inception until November 1, 2024 for relevant studies.
Study eligibility, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment were conducted independently by two reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence. Subgroup analyses were performed.
A total of 66 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of loneliness was 46.9% and that of social isolation was 25.9%. However, heterogeneity was very high across studies, and these pooled estimates should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Subgroup analyses suggested regional variation in both loneliness and social isolation. Other subgroup findings should be interpreted cautiously because some subgroup estimates were based on small numbers of studies.
Loneliness and social isolation are highly prevalent among people living with HIV. Population-specific intervention strategies are needed to reduce this burden, and future studies should further examine contextual and demographic differences to guide intervention design.
Routine HIV services should include screening and referral pathways for loneliness and social isolation.
This systematic review identified the pooled prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among people living with HIV, highlighting a substantial and clinically relevant burden. The findings may influence HIV nurses' practice and inform care approaches for other clinical populations experiencing loneliness and social isolation.
This systematic review followed the PRISMA and MOOSE reporting guidelines.
No patient or public contribution.
Gynaecological cancer nurses are crucial to the delivery of quality, specialised care to meet the needs of people with these cancers. The extent of evidence-based guidance to support nursing care is unknown.
To identify and describe existing international guidance for specialised gynaecological cancer nursing care.
Scoping review.
This scoping review utilised the participants, concept, context framework with narrative synthesis.
Databases including MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL Ultimate (EBSCO), Proquest Central (Alumni) and Google Scholar were searched on 4 April 2025 along with relevant websites and reference lists of included sources. Included sources referred to the nurse's role and provided clinical guidelines, practice recommendations or equivalent guidance on how nurses provide specialised care. Sources were limited to those published in English from 2009 to present.
Of 1905 sources identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Sources were published by authors in seven countries between 2014 and 2024. Most sources related to one specific gynaecological cancer type and/or one aspect or time point of care. Sources varied in the volume of nurse relevant content. No individual source provided comprehensive nursing guidance across all gynaecological cancer types.
Internationally published guidance for specialised gynaecological cancer nursing presents gaps in available evidence for care. We recommend comprehensive guidance resource development to meet clinical nurses' needs and improve translation of evidence-based nursing practice.
The current lack of comprehensive published guidance for specialised gynaecological cancer nursing does not meet reported needs of nurses working in clinical practice and may be contributing to variation in nursing care delivery.
Trial Registration: https://osf.io/ntdzj; registered 24 March 2025; Open Science Framework
Dyspnea is a prevalent and profoundly distressing symptom. Fan therapy, a simple nonpharmacologic intervention, has shown potential in alleviating dyspnea. However, its effects remain unclear.
We aimed to update and expand the existing evidence on the effectiveness and perceptions of fan therapy in adults with dyspnea to inform clinical symptom management.
This review followed PRISMA 2020. A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data and Chinese Scientific Journals Full-text Database, from inception through March 20, 2025. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Quantitative synthesis was performed using Review Manager software, version 5.3. Qualitative findings were synthesized narratively.
This review included 15 studies (623 participants). In meta-analysis, the overall effect on dyspnea severity was not statistically significant; however, post hoc subgroup analysis by outcome assessment timing showed a significant short-term reduction within 5–10 min after fan therapy (SMD = −0.41, 95% CI: [−0.70, −0.11], p = 0.007, I 2 = 32%). No significant differences were observed in physiological parameters, physical activity levels, self-efficacy, or caregiver-related outcomes. Furthermore, qualitative evidence indicated that patients, clinicians and caregivers generally expressed positive views toward fan therapy, considering it an effective and accessible nonpharmacological intervention.
Fan therapy may provide short-term relief of dyspnea in adults, with limited evidence of sustained benefit and no consistent effects on physiological or other related outcomes. Given its acceptability, low-cost and portability, it may be considered a practical adjunct for dyspnea management, although longer-term trials are needed.
Fan therapy can be used as an adjunct to disease-targeted treatments in the management of dyspnea, particularly in community nursing, low-cost and resource-limited settings.
Not applicable.
To identify and prioritize educational needs for early ambulation after abdominal surgery from the perspectives of surgical-ward nurses and postoperative patients.
Early ambulation is a core component of enhanced recovery after abdominal surgery, yet educational gaps in nurses' practice and patients' participation remain underexplored.
A descriptive cross-sectional study.
The study was conducted in a 2700-bed tertiary hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea from May to August 2022. Nurses (n = 100) and postoperative patients (n = 111) after abdominal surgery completed validated self-report questionnaires assessing demographic and clinical characteristics and the perceived importance and performance of 15 early ambulation-related activities using 5-point Likert scales. Educational priorities were evaluated using the Borich Needs Assessment Model and the Locus for Focus Model.
Both nurses and patients rated early ambulation as important, but notable gaps between perceived importance and actual performance were identified. Pre-ambulation preparation activities, including muscle-strength assessment and simple in-bed exercises, consistently showed the greatest discrepancies and were ranked as the highest-priority unmet educational needs across both Borich and Locus for Focus analyses.
Early ambulation after abdominal surgery is highly valued but inconsistently implemented by nurses and patients, revealing substantial unmet educational needs. Focusing education on pre-ambulation preparation, particularly muscle-strength assessment and in-bed exercises, may enhance engagement in early ambulation.
The findings provide an evidence-based rationale for developing targeted educational programmes for surgical-ward nurses and postoperative patients that emphasize structured pre-ambulation preparation. Integrating these priorities into postoperative care may strengthen early ambulation practices and support improved recovery outcomes.
STROBE guidelines.
Postoperative patients and surgical-ward nurses participated in the study by completing the questionnaires used for data collection. No further patient or public involvement occurred in the design or analysis of this study.
FreshRSS 