Up to 30% of individuals with depression develop persistent depressive disorder (PDD), an often disabling and difficult to treat condition. The Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) is the only psychotherapy developed specifically for treating individuals with PDD. While several randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated its efficacy in outpatient settings, evidence for its use in inpatient settings remains limited. Pilot studies of CBASP inpatient programmes in Germany have shown promising feasibility and effectiveness; however, no RCTs to date have systematically evaluated their outcomes. This study represents the first RCT to compare the short- and long-term efficacy and safety of CBASP with Behavioural Activation (BA), a first-line psychotherapy for depression, within an intensive multimodal inpatient setting.

In this prospective, multicentre, rater-blinded RCT with an active control group, we aim to recruit 396 adults (aged 18–70 years) with treatment-resistant PDD at eight German university hospitals. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either (1) CBASP or (2) BA within an intensive treatment programme consisting of 10 weeks acute treatment in an inpatient and/or day clinic setting, followed by 6 weeks of outpatient continuation treatment. Primary and secondary outcome assessments will be conducted at multiple time points: baseline (T0), treatment onset (T1), after 5 and 10 weeks of acute treatment (T2, T3), at the end of continuation treatment (T4, week 16) and every 2 months up to week 64 (T5, naturalistic follow-up).

The primary outcome measure will be the change in depression severity, as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (24-item version), after 16 weeks of treatment (from T0 to T4). Secondary outcomes will include response, remission, deterioration and relapse rates, self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms and additional psychological variables. A cost-benefit analysis will evaluate the health-economic benefits of both interventions. Additionally, this RCT will explore personalised treatment selection and mechanisms of change, including potential moderators and mediators of treatment effects. The findings from this trial are expected to provide clinicians with evidence-based guidance on choosing CBASP versus BA for inpatients with treatment-resistant PDD.

This study has received ethical approval from the ethics committees of all participating university hospitals. All participants will provide written informed consent before enrolment. Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences. We have involved people with lived experience from the earliest pilots onward, using their feedback to refine our study design. Ongoing consultation at conferences and public events has further ensured that our research remains grounded in patient perspectives.

NCT04996433.

To assess the relation between component rotation in total knee replacement and clinical outcomes.

Prospective, observational cohort study.

Deventer hospital, Deventer, The Netherlands.

498 adults aged 18 years and older undergoing total knee replacement.

Participants underwent Persona posterior stabilised total knee replacement. Femoral and tibial component rotation was measured using low-dose CT scans.

The primary outcome was the change in Oxford Knee Score from baseline to 1 year, analysed in relation to femoral, tibial and combined component rotation.

Binary logistic regression analysis showed no statistically significant association between femoral component rotation (OR=1.04, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.21, p=0.644), tibial component rotation (OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.03, p=0.467), or combined rotation (OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.03, p=0.552), and achievement of the minimal clinically important difference of 5 points for the 48-point Oxford Knee Score.

This prospective study of 498 patients undergoing total knee replacement did not provide evidence of a relation between the rotational alignment of total knee arthroplasty components and clinical outcomes. These findings do not support routine evaluation of rotational alignment as a basis for revision surgery in patients with persistent pain in the absence of mechanical problems.

Dutch Trial registry ID: 23362.

Equity, Diversity, Inclusion and Accessibility (EDIA) are recognised as core principles in higher education, yet their practical integration into pharmacy education remains underexplored. This review aims to identify the scope of existing research, highlight knowledge gaps and provide valuable insights for pharmacy educators, researchers and policymakers seeking to enhance EDIA integration within pharmacy education.

This protocol describes the methodology for a scoping review to systematically map the existing peer-reviewed literature on EDIA in pharmacy education, focusing on three critical areas: faculty development, curriculum content and teaching strategies. Using the Population, Concept and Context framework, the review will include studies examining faculty members, students and administrators within formal pharmacy education contexts worldwide. The scoping review will adhere to the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. The search will include peer-reviewed academic studies, accessed through databases such as MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, ERIC and Web of Science. Backward snowballing will also be employed. Data will be charted using a predefined extraction tool, and findings will be synthesised and presented in tabular and narrative formats. A pilot search took place in March 2025, and the final search, study selection and data extraction will be conducted from May to December 2025. The subsequent analysis, presentation and interpretation of results are planned thereafter.

Ethics approval is not required. We plan to share findings through a variety of means including professional networks, peer-reviewed journal publications, conference presentations, invited workshops and webinars, on the FPD-Include project website and on our research groups’ university websites.

Social camouflaging (SC; ie, the concealing of autistic traits to socially assimilate) is associated with poor mental health, self-identity and quality of life outcomes, yet its typology, consequences and contextual triggers remain unexplored in autistic adolescents. Further study is necessary to identify protective factors against the potentially negative outcomes associated with SC to promote long-term well-being.

The current project will investigate SC in youth and its mental health, cognitive and neurophysiological correlates. Camouflaging will be captured by triangulating self-reported and caregiver-reported SC behaviours, as well as SC behaviours in day-to-day contexts using intensive longitudinal methods (ie, daily diaries). Non-autistic, self-identifying autistic and formally diagnosed autistic adolescents aged 15–18 years (N=150) will be recruited. Adolescents and caregivers will complete rating scales to assess mental health, and adolescents will complete in-lab cognitive assessments of attention, executive function, intellectual ability and theory of mind. Brain neurophysiological function and cortisol concentration over time will be measured during the same visit using electroencephalography and hair samples, respectively. Over the following 7 days, adolescents will complete daily diaries using their smartphones. The daily diaries pose survey questions about the type and degree of SC behaviour used within their daily environment, including the social context, individuals who are present and current well-being. Adolescents will also complete brief performance-based cognitive assessments of attention and executive function integrated within the daily diary surveys. Finally, adolescents and their parents will complete a follow-up of SC behaviours and mental health at 3 months. Correlations and regression analyses will be conducted to explore the associations between SC and mental health/cognitive outcomes and how baseline measures of cognition, mental health and SC predict patterns seen on the daily diaries. Multilevel modelling will be used, nesting daily data to capture within-person and between-group differences in contextual predictors of camouflaging behaviour. Results will contribute to current understanding of the typology of camouflaging, as well as inform intervention to mitigate mental health challenges for autistic youth.

This project is approved by the University of Victoria Human Research Ethics Board (#23–0013) and the University of Calgary Conjoint Faculties Research Ethics Board (#23–0641). Informed consent will be obtained from caregivers and adolescent participants, and safety procedures will be put in place to support the adolescent should mental health concerns arise. Results will be disseminated through academic publications and conferences, as well as summarised and communicated to interested participants and relevant stakeholders.

Traditional encounter-based analyses overlook downstream costs and complications that follow emergency department (ED) care. To enable more comprehensive evaluations, we developed standardised episode of care definitions for five common, high-cost conditions: chest pain, congestive heart failure (CHF), pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and suicidality.

A two-round modified Delphi panel study was conducted following a literature review and evidence synthesis. Using structured surveys with anonymous feedback, panellists rated candidate criteria. To be retained in the final episode definitions, criteria were required to meet a predefined validity threshold without panellist disagreement. Data were analysed descriptively, and meeting deliberations were recorded and reviewed thematically.

Virtual, supported by an online survey platform.

A multidisciplinary panel of 11 experts in emergency medicine and relevant clinical specialties with 9 members participating in each round.

Criteria to determine inclusion, exclusion (including pre-trigger, post-trigger and event exclusion) and risk-adjustment standards for constructing ED-based episodes of care.

Candidate criteria were presented to the panel by condition: 30 for chest pain, 54 for CHF, 30 for COPD, 79 for pneumonia and 375 for suicidality. Following deliberations and re-rating, the number of valid criteria was reduced, primarily in the episode exclusion category. Thematic analysis highlighted trade-offs between episode exclusion criteria and the use of risk adjustment to account for heterogeneity.

Operational definitions for ED-based episodes of care for five conditions were established. These may support healthcare administrators, policymakers and researchers in evaluating variation in ED care delivery and its downstream cost and outcomes.

Social prescribing is an approach to addressing non-medical issues affecting people’s health and well-being (eg, loneliness, housing or financial problems). It has gained international traction over recent years as complementary to medical care. A larger research project, comparing social prescribing across European countries, is considering how to tailor provision for the following groups: (a) LGBTIQ+persons, (b) refugees and first-generation immigrants and (c) older adults living alone. As part of this research, a qualitative study will address the question: What are the enabling and limiting factors associated with implementing social prescribing, across different European countries, from the perspective of key stakeholders?

Five European countries (Austria, England, Germany, Poland, Portugal) will be involved. Researchers from each country will conduct approximately 20 semi-structured interviews (total number will be 100). Interviewees will be people receiving, delivering, managing and funding/commissioning social prescribing. Interviews will be audio-recorded and transcribed. A cross-country analysis will be undertaken; framework analysis will support this process, with a chart developed in Excel in which data from across the five countries is summarised by the researchers involved. Summaries will be based on a thematic framework that researchers from the five countries develop together after initially analysing their own data.

Ethical approval was initially secured through the University of Oxford’s Medical Sciences Interdivisional Research Ethics Committee (IDREC 1806086) for data collection in England. This approved application was then used to secure ethics approval in Austria (through Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft), Germany (through Bergische Universität Wuppertal), Poland (through Wroclaw Medical University) and Portugal (through NOVA University of Lisbon). Dissemination will include an academic journal article and presentation at relevant conferences. It will also include short videos, written summaries/policy briefs and an infographic.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 101155873. Views and opinions expressed are, however, those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Health and Digital Executive Agency (HADEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

Salivary gland carcinomas (SGC) are rare tumours. The term SGC is not more than an umbrella for a variety of histogenetically, morphologically and biologically distinct entities. Accordingly, SGCs have not been sufficiently investigated to date. Their rarity makes it difficult to reach high patient numbers for individual entities in clinical studies, leading to pooling patients with different histological subtypes to attain sufficient participants. The different histological subtypes of SGC differ significantly in their clinicopathological features, such as their grading, their occurrence and their outcome. SGCs are usually stratified into low-grade, intermediate-grade or high-grade tumours. In most kinds of SGC, specific targetable molecular markers are lacking. The inclusion of immunotherapy (IT), however, might improve the outcome of patients suffering from high-grade SGCs. In order to integrate IT as a therapeutic option for SGC and to facilitate therapeutic decisions based on tumour (immune) biology, predictive and prognostic immunological biomarkers are indispensable.

In this prospective study, 500 patients will be enrolled, who are distributed in three arms. The observational cohort includes patients with malignant salivary gland tumours, whereas patients with benign tumours of a salivary gland are grouped in the control group 1. In the control cohort, 2 patients do not have a salivary gland tumour but have a planned functional surgery of the nose or ear or a maxillofacial surgery. The local immune status from the tumour tissue and the microbiome will be sampled before treatment. In addition, the systemic immune status from peripheral blood will be analysed before and after surgery and after the adjuvant and definitive chemoradiotherapy, if applicable. Clinical baseline characteristics and outcome parameters will additionally be collected. Data mining and modelling approaches will finally be applied to identify interactions of local and systemic immune parameters and to define predictive and prognostic immune signatures based on the evaluated immune markers.

Approval from the institutional review board of the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg was granted in September 2023 (application number 23-292-B). The results will be disseminated to the scientific audience and the general public via presentations at conferences and publication in peer-reviewed journals.

NCT06047236.

Anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common in children and adolescents and can lead to significant impairment. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure is the first-line treatment, yet approximately half of treated youth do not achieve full remission. Dysfunctional cognitions—negative automatic thoughts, maladaptive beliefs and distorted interpretations—are considered key targets of CBT, but evidence in youth is mixed and underpowered. This study will examine whether change in dysfunctional cognitions mediates treatment outcome in anxiety, OCD and PTSD symptoms and whether this association varies across individual characteristics.

An individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) of randomised controlled trials of CBT for youth aged 5–18 years with anxiety disorders, OCD or PTSD will be conducted. The search strategy includes the databases APA PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science Core Collection from inception to 8 September 2025. It is supplemented by screening reference lists, trial registries, grey literature and outreach to relevant research groups. Eligible trials must include at least one validated measure of dysfunctional cognitions administered at minimum pre- and post-treatment, and clinical outcomes assessed at post-treatment and follow-up. The two primary outcomes are (1) child-reported symptom severity and (2) clinician-rated clinical severity. Data will be harmonised for dysfunctional cognition scores, moderators (age, gender, socioeconomic status, comorbidity), and primary outcomes. One-stage Bayesian mixed-effects models will examine whether changes in dysfunctional cognitions predict improvements in primary outcomes and whether these effects are moderated by individual characteristics. Missing data will be addressed using multiple imputation within the Bayesian framework, and study-level heterogeneity will be modelled using random intercepts and slopes.

All datasets will be de-identified and managed under General Data Protection Regulation standards. Each included trial will have ethical approval permitting data sharing and reuse, and the secondary analysis of the shared datasets has been approved by the University of Amsterdam. Findings will be disseminated via a peer-reviewed publication, scientific conferences and open sharing of analysis scripts and harmonisation procedures.

CRD420251139130.

Medical overuse is a well-documented increasing issue, primarily examined in the context of physicians. Previous research has also identified unnecessary services involving allied health professionals (AHPs). The objectives of our study were to explore: (1) To what extent are physiotherapists (PT), occupational therapists (OT) or speech and language therapists (SLT) familiar with the phenomenon of medical overuse?, (2) What drivers do PTs, OTs and SLTs suspect?, (3) What are the consequences of medical overuse? and (4) What measures can be taken to reduce medical overuse?

This study used a qualitative descriptive design and applied qualitative content analysis to explore the AHPs’ point of view. A qualitative content analysis using a deductive–inductive approach was conducted. After coding half of the interviews, no further categories were added, indicating data saturation.

Bavaria, Germany.

14 AHPs, mostly female.

AHPs struggled to define overuse. To them, underuse was perceived as a much more pressing issue. AHPs identified structural, economic, physician and patient-driven factors. They did not see themselves as part of the problem of medical overuse and assumed that their treatment, even without indication, has little to no disadvantage for patients. AHPs found it difficult to derive specific solutions; they named terminating unnecessary therapies and healthcare system reforms.

AHPs lacked initial awareness of medical overuse, highlighting the need for education and broader research.

To provide population-level insights into COVID-19 testing behaviour and test results among all pregnant women in the Netherlands and to assess the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal health outcomes.

Retrospective population-based cohort study.

Dutch registry data on maternal and neonatal health outcomes linked with COVID-19 testing and sociodemographic data for the study period 2020 and 2021.

To study testing behaviour, all pregnant women who gave birth in the Netherlands during 2020 and 2021 were included (N=322 720). To study the effects of maternal infection, women who gave birth between June 2020 and September 2021 and who were tested for COVID-19 were included (N=68 059).

For testing behaviour: number of COVID-19 tests performed and COVID-19 test results. For neonatal health outcomes: preterm birth, low birth weight for gestational age (small for gestational age (SGA)), BIG2 (preterm birth and/or SGA), Apgar score at 5 min below seven (low Apgar), Apgar score at 5 min below four (very low Apgar), neonatal intensive care unit admission, congenital anomalies and mortality. For maternal health outcomes: major postpartum haemorrhage (>1000 mL), severe ruptures (third or fourth degree), type of delivery and episiotomy.

Compared with the reference group (women aged 30–34), women under 20 had the lowest probability of being tested (16.5% vs 31.3%; OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.49), but when tested, they had significantly higher odds of testing positive (19.3% vs 12.9%; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.14). Women originating from ‘other African’ countries were least likely to be tested (15.1%; OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.39), while women whose country of origin was ‘Morocco’ were most likely to test positive when tested (33.4%; OR 3.63, 95% CI 3.35 to 3.93). While over all trimesters a SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy did not show significant effects, an infection during the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (5.2% vs 6.4%; OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.52) and a low 5-min Apgar score (1.9% vs 2.9%; OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.02). No significant adverse maternal health effects were observed.

There were significant differences in testing behaviour and the probability of testing positive for COVID-19 among pregnant women from different age groups, countries of origin and socioeconomic backgrounds. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was not associated with significant effects on maternal health outcomes, and only limited effects on neonatal health were observed. Only infections occurring in the first trimester were linked to an increased risk of preterm births and low 5-min Apgar scores.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome, defined by persistent symptoms lasting beyond 12 weeks of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, affects both severe and mild COVID-19 cases. Fatigue is the most common symptom, impacting 58% of patients. Other symptoms include mental symptoms, cardiovascular and respiratory issues and autonomic dysfunction. Chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation seem to be associated with post-COVID-19 fatigue. Despite its impact on healthcare and the economy, effective treatments are limited. Yoga and health education have been shown to be effective for fatigue in other related conditions. The aim of this study, therefore, is to investigate the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of yoga and health education on post-COVID-19 persistent fatigue.

A randomised controlled trial with 100 patients with persistent fatigue due to post-COVID-19 syndrome is being conducted at three study centres. Patients are randomised to two interventions, yoga and health education. Both interventions include 12 weeks of 90 min supervised group sessions and 60 min of home practice per week. The primary outcome measure is fatigue on the Chalder Fatigue Scale 12 weeks after randomisation. Secondary outcome measures include postexertional malaise (DePaul Symptom Questionnaire), health-related quality of life (Short Form Health Survey-12 Item Version, EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level Questionnaire), anxiety, depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), stress (Perceived Stress Scale), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), hand grip strength, laboratory parameters and adverse events. Physical activity analysis over 7 days using a body-worn sensor and 24-hour heart rate variability using a 3-channel ECG recorder are assessed exploratively. All outcome measures will be assessed 12 and 24 weeks after randomisation. In addition, health economic analyses as well as mediator and moderator analyses including self-reported body awareness, self-efficacy, personality traits and treatment credibility/expectations will be conducted. Furthermore, qualitative interviews at week 12 will be carried out.

The trial received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Tübingen (approval number: 775/2022BO2). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed open-access publications, scientific conferences and targeted communication to patient organisations, healthcare providers and the wider public.

NCT05890599.

Health workers (HWs) and their representative health worker organisations (RHWOs) contribute to the design of pharmaceutical policy in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but their roles remain underappreciated. HWs and RHWOs can influence drug development, distribution, financing and access; however, which specific aspects HWs and RHWOs contribute to, and how they create change, remains insufficiently mapped within the global health literature. This protocol describes our process for conducting a scoping review to derive, describe, and classify existing literature on how HWs and RHWOs engage in pharmaceutical policy processes in LMICs.

This review will follow the updated Arksey and O’Malley five-stage scoping review framework supported by iterations of methodological guidance and will be reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. We will search Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and CAB Global Health for English-language peer-reviewed literature published between 2005 and 2025. Studies must discuss HW and RHWO involvement or influence in pharmaceutical policy or describe the roles, governance contexts or strategies of HWs or RHWOs in the context of pharmaceutical policy. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full texts using Covidence software to determine eligibility. We will chart data using Excel and summarise the findings thematically. We will consult stakeholders in the final stage of this review to provide feedback on the results of our review and guide our findings further in terms of actionable policy implications.

Ethics approval is not required for this scoping review of published literature. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, academic presentations and policy engagement with global health actors. This review will inform future research and support evidence-informed pharmaceutical policymaking in LMICs.

To develop and compare algorithms for identifying gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) across European electronic healthcare databases and evaluate their impact on the estimated prevalence.

Multi-national cohort study using routinely collected electronic healthcare data

National and regional databases in five European countries (Norway, Finland, Italy, Spain and France), in primary and/or secondary care.

Pregnancy cohorts resulting in stillbirths or live births between 2009 and 2020, comprising 602 897 pregnancies in Norway, 507 904 in Finland, 374 009 in Italy, 193 495 in Spain and 116 762 in France.

The primary outcome was the prevalence of GDM identified using six algorithms: (1) Only diagnosis; (2) Diagnosis or prescription; (3) Two diagnoses or prescriptions (2DxRx); (4) Diagnosis including unspecified diabetes in pregnancy or prescription (DxRx broad); (5) Diagnosis excluding pre-existing diabetes in pregnancy or prescription; (6) Registration of GDM in a birth registry (BR).

The strictest algorithm (2DxRx) resulted in the lowest GDM prevalence, while the broadest (DxRx broad) resulted in the highest, except in France where it was BR. In the Nordic countries, GDM prevalence varied only slightly by algorithm; greater variations were observed in other countries. The prevalence ranged from 3.5% (95% CI: 3.5% to 3.5%) to 4.6% (95% CI: 4.5% to 4.7%) in Norway; 12.1% (95% CI: 12.0% to 12.2%) to 15.8% (95% CI: 15.7% to 15.9%) in Finland, where prevalence was much higher than elsewhere. The prevalence ranged from 1.3% (95% CI: 1.3% to 1.3%) to 5.4% (95% CI: 5.3% to 5.5%) in Italy; 1.6% (95% CI: 1.5% to 1.7%) to 6.2% (95% CI: 6.1% to 6.3%) in Spain; and 1.7% (95% CI: 1.6% to 1.8%) to 5.8% (95% CI: 5.7% to 5.9%) in France.

In this multinational study, GDM prevalence ranged from 1.3% to 15.8% depending on the algorithm and database. Nordic countries showed smaller differences in prevalence between algorithms, while the other countries showed larger variations, likely due to differences in coding practices, healthcare systems and database coverage.

Little research has been done on post-COVID symptoms at 24 months postinfection and on the association these may have on health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

We assessed the prevalence and severity of post-COVID symptoms and quantified EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L), self-perceived health question (EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS)) and health utility scores (HUS) up to 24 months follow-up.

The longitudinal multiple cohort CORona Follow-Up (CORFU) study combines seven COVID-19 patient cohorts and a survey among the general public. The participants received questionnaires on several time points. Participants were stratified by: without a known SARS-CoV-2 infection (control group), proven SARS-CoV-2 infection but non-hospitalised, proven SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalised to the ward, and proven SARS-CoV-2 infection hospitalised to the intensive care unit (ICU).

In this study, data of seven COVID-19 patient cohorts and a survey among the general public are included.

Former COVID-19 patients and controls participated in this cohort study.

Former COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 controls were sent questionnaires on symptoms associated with post-COVID condition. The CORFU questionnaire included 14 symptom questions on post-COVID condition using a five-level Likert-scale format. Furthermore, HRQOL was quantified using the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L questionnaire: EQ-VAS and the EQ-5D-5L utility score. The EQ-5D-5L questionnaire includes five domains that are scored on a five-point Likert scale: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.

A total of 901 participants (and 434 controls) responded at 24 months follow-up. In all former COVID-19 patients, the presence of post-COVID condition at 24 months was observed in 62 (42.5%, 95% CI 34.3% to 50.9%) of the non-hospitalised patients, 333 (65.0%, 95% CI 60.7% to 69.2%) of the hospitalised ward patients and 156 (63.2%, 95% CI 56.8% to 69.2%) of the ICU patients, respectively (p

Many former COVID-19 patients experience post-COVID symptoms at 24 months follow-up, with the highest prevalence in hospitalised participants. Also, former patients reported a lower HRQOL.

The CORFU study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (registration number NCT05240742).