Tobacco consumption is a significant preventable cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of tobacco consumption among Cambodian individuals aged 15–49, utilising data from the 2021–2022 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS).

Cross-sectional study based on secondary analysis of the 2021–2022 CDHS.

Nationwide household survey conducted across urban and rural areas of Cambodia.

A total of 28 321 respondents aged 15–49 years were included in the analysis.

Tobacco consumption categorised as no use, smoking tobacco, smokeless tobacco and dual use. Descriptive statistics, ² tests and multinomial logistic regression were used to assess associations between background characteristics and tobacco consumption, with ‘no consumption’ as the reference category. Statistical significance was set at p

Among the 28 321 respondents (68.8% female), 91.8% were non-users of tobacco (reference group), while 6.9% reported smoking (predominantly males; adjusted relative risk ratios (ARRR)=39.29, 95% CI 29.70 to 51.96, p

While Cambodia has made notable progress in reducing tobacco consumption, the persistent challenges highlighted by the prevalence of smoking, particularly among specific demographics, indicate the need for targeted public health interventions.

The treatment of tobacco dependence in patients admitted to hospital is a priority for the National Health Service in England. We aimed to conduct an economic analysis of a pilot ‘opt-out’ tobacco dependence treatment intervention adapted from the Ottawa Model of Smoking Cessation.

Observational cost analysis of an inpatient tobacco dependence treatment intervention, and matched cohort study comparing readmission costs between patients who received the intervention and benchmarked equivalents who did not.

11 acute inpatient wards in a major teaching hospital in London, England.

673 patients who smoked, admitted between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021.

The intervention consisted of the systematic identification of smoking status, automatic referral to tobacco dependence advisors, provision of pharmacotherapy and behavioural support throughout the hospital stay and telephone support for 6 months after discharge.

The primary outcomes were cost-per-patient, cost-per-quit and incremental cost effectiveness ratio among patients who received the intervention. The secondary outcomes were patient-level readmission costs and bed-days from 6 months after discharge, compared between the intervention group and a group of matched benchmark patients who smoked but did not receive the intervention.

The total cost of the intervention was £178 105. On the basis of 104 patients who reported not smoking at 6 months, the cost-per-quit was £1712.55, equating to an estimated age-adjusted incremental cost per life year gained of £3325. Among 611 patients who were successfully matched to a benchmark cohort, readmissions for patients in the intervention group cost £492 k less than their benchmark equivalents over 21 months from 1 January 2021 to 30 September 2022 (£266 k vs £758 k), incurred 414 fewer bed days (303 vs 717) and readmitted at a lower rate (5% vs 11%). There were reduced readmission rates and costs among all patients who received the intervention compared with their benchmarked equivalents, regardless of smoking status at 6 months, except among those who opted out.

A pilot ‘opt-out’ tobacco dependence treatment intervention implemented in an acute hospital setting in London demonstrated value for money through reduced readmission rates and costs among all patients who received it.

Tobacco use is the most significant modifiable risk factor for adverse health outcomes, and early research indicates there are also significant harms associated with vaping. National targets aim to reduce smoking and vaping during pregnancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. While most Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people want to quit, cessation is frequently attempted without support, increasing the chance of relapse. Group-based smoking cessation programmes increase quit success by 50%–130% in the general population; however, they have never been evaluated in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander communities.

The Gulibaa study is an Indigenous-led and community-embedded project that will co-design, implement and evaluate a group-based model of care to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women to be smoke- and vape-free. Staff of Health Services in New South Wales, Australia, will receive training to deliver a face-to-face group-based smoking and vaping cessation intervention. Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people who identify as a woman or non-binary, are pregnant or of reproductive age (16 to 49 years), currently smoke or vape at least once per day and are willing to attend the programme are eligible to participate. Up to 500 participants will be recruited. A mixed method evaluation approach will be implemented guided by the RE-AIM framework. Outcomes will include intervention reach, intervention effectiveness (determined primarily by self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence at 6 months follow-up), acceptability and feasibility of the intervention, programme fidelity and maintenance and cost effectiveness.

Embedding culturally safe support to quit during pregnancy can result in improved outcomes for both mother and child and immediately improve intergenerational health and well-being. Ethics approval has been provided by the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council and the University of Newcastle. Study findings will be disseminated to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in ways that are meaningful to them, as well as through Aboriginal health services, key national bodies, relevant state and federal government departments.

ACTRN12625001050448.

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) helps pregnant women quit smoking. Usual National Health Service (NHS) cessation care in pregnancy starts only after women stop smoking and comprises behavioural support and NRT. NRT is stopped if women restart smoking. We hypothesised that NRT would have a bigger effect on cessation in pregnancy if used: (1) to reduce smoking before quitting (‘preloading’), (2) during brief smoking lapses after quitting and (3) to help those who cannot stop smoking, to reduce instead.

A two-arm parallel group, open-label, multicentre, assessor-blind randomised controlled trial. Participants are recruited at hospital antenatal clinics and other NHS settings throughout England and Wales or via social media advertising. Those enrolled are in antenatal care,

Ethics approval was granted by the West Midlands—Coventry & Warwickshire Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 21/WM/0172; Protocol number 21001; IRAS Project ID: 291236). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Findings will be disseminated to the public, funders, relevant practice and policy representatives and other researchers.

ISRCTN84798566.

Research on the impact of smoking behaviour across generations has primarily focused on grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy. However, the broader multigenerational effects of smoking behaviour, notably through environmental and behavioural pathways, remain underexplored. This study evaluated previous studies on the possibility of transgenerational transmission, rather than in utero transmission, regarding the effects of grandparental smoking behaviour on offspring’s development outcomes.

This study is a systematic review with qualitative evidence synthesis.

A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple online databases, including PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science and Scopus. To ensure a broad scope of relevant studies, publication dates, study locations and language were restricted to English only.

After duplicates were removed, 3916 articles remained from the 4133 identified articles. Based on the predefined eligibility criteria, 38 articles were selected for full-text assessment. The selection process involved multiple reviewers, with disagreements resolved through consensus.

Multiple reviewers independently extracted data using a standardised protocol. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies, with inter-rater reliability tests indicating moderate-to-high agreement. Extracted data included study design, participant demographics, exposure details and measured outcomes.

This systematic review included seven studies because of heterogeneity in reported outcomes and effect measures. Three independent reviewers extracted data using a standardised coding sheet. The synthesis compared methodologies, identified gaps, key findings and conclusions across studies.

Seven included articles examined grandchildren’s behaviour, such as hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct problems, body composition and IQ concerning grandparents’ smoking habits. Most studies used robust statistical methods; two included parental factors as mediators. The synthesis of results indicated that the associations were primarily indirect. Key findings revealed that grandparents’ smoking status was significantly associated with their grandchildren’s physical and cognitive outcomes. Furthermore, the reviewed studies demonstrated sex-specific transgenerational effects of ancestral smoking on grandchildren’s health, with stronger effects often observed in male descendants.

This review highlights the methods and findings of previous studies on the potential transgenerational transmissions through which grandparents’ smoking behaviour may influence grandchildren’s behavioural, physical and cognitive development. Although the findings emphasise the importance of environmental and behavioural factors, further research is needed to address existing gaps and clarify mechanisms.

This systematic review protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database under registration number CRD42024571725.

To examine the longitudinal impact of time-varying factors on US youth’s trajectories of initiation and use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood.

Longitudinal.

Nationally representative US survey, the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

2682 US youth (aged 16–17) at wave (W)1 of the PATH Study across six waves (2013–2020) into young adulthood (aged 22–23).

Unweighted longitudinal latent class analyses identified trajectory classes of e-cigarette and cigarette use, separately. Nationally representative weighted multinomial logistic regression analyses examined time-varying harm perceptions, substance use problems and tobacco product first tried as predictors of these trajectory classes.

Five e-cigarette classes (2013–2020; 41.5% Persistent Never Use, 12.6% W5 Initiation, 19.9% W3 Initiation, 15.2% Prior Initiation, 10.8% High Frequency Past 30-Day (P30D) Use) and five cigarette classes (2013–2019; 58.6% Persistent Never Use, 11.5% W4 Initiation, 10.9% W2 Initiation, 9.6% Prior Initiation, 9.5% High Frequency P30D Use) were identified. Time-varying harm perceptions and substance use problems were associated with trajectories of initiation and use for both products. Cigarettes, cigarillos, other combustibles and any smokeless tobacco as first product tried were associated with e-cigarette initiation and/or progression to high frequency use. E-cigarettes and hookah as first product tried were associated with later cigarette initiation. High Frequency P30D Cigarette Use was less likely if the first product tried was e-cigarettes, cigarillos, hookah or any smokeless tobacco product.

Results reinforce the need for identification and intervention of early substance use among younger adolescents and targeted public health messaging to address changing harm perceptions and prevent initiation among older adolescents.

To provide an overview of the effectiveness of global tobacco control policies using Interrupted Time Series (ITS) methodology and analyse key health outcome indicators and methodological differences in ITS studies.

PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were searched for ITS studies on tobacco control policies from database inception to 1 July 2024.

55 English-language studies were selected based on strict inclusion criteria.

Three researchers extracted data on study characteristics, design, conclusions and limitations.

Of the studies, 28 used monthly time intervals, 40 focused on a single time break, 47 used non-Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average models, 40 considered seasonality, 34 controlled for confounding factors and only 13 included a control group. The implementation and evaluation of tobacco control policies demonstrated considerable geographical imbalance, with Europe reporting the largest number of evaluations (n=23), followed by Asia (n=12) and North America (n=10), whereas South America (n=4), multiple regions (n=4) and Oceania (n=2) were markedly under-represented. Overall, policies were associated with beneficial effects across multiple health outcomes, including reductions in emergency visit rate, hospitalisation rates, secondhand smoke exposure rate and smoking prevalence, although certain outcome measures exhibited notable heterogeneity.

ITS applications differ in time-interval selection, modelling and control of seasonality and confounding, contributing to result heterogeneity. Tobacco control policies are effective across multiple health indicators, though variability warrants further study. Future work should enhance reporting and methodological standardisation, particularly in control group use and statistical modelling, and strengthen policy implementation and evaluation in low- and middle-income countries to promote equitable global progress.

This study aims to estimate the prevalence and dual use of cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among individuals aged 18–24 in Japan.

This cross-sectional study involved a door-to-door survey administered by trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire.

Individuals aged 18–24 residing in 220 areas within 10 ordinance-designated cities (Sapporo, Sendai, Saitama, Chiba, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Sagamihara, Nagoya, Osaka and Fukuoka) as well as Tokyo’s 23 wards in Japan in 2019 were included.

A total of 1738/5500 individuals were included in the analysis, with participants evenly distributed by sex, age and residential area.

Cigarette, HTP and e-cigarette use was assessed.

The weighted prevalence of the current use of cigarettes, HTPs and e-cigarettes accounted for 10.1% (95% CI 8.7, 11.5), 5.1% (95% CI 4.1, 6.1) and 1.8% (95% CI 1.2, 2.4), respectively. Approximately 68.2% of the people who used HTPs at the time were dual users of both HTPs and cigarettes. There was a significant gap in tobacco product use between individuals aged 20–24 and those aged 18–19, with this difference remaining after adjusting for covariates.

In 2019, cigarettes were the most used tobacco-related product among young adults in Japan. Smoking initiation appears to notably increase at age 20 when smoking becomes legal in Japan. The prevalence of HTP use among young adults in Japan is notably higher than in other countries.

To assess and compare the patterns of smoked and smokeless tobacco use in India and to identify demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with tobacco use through secondary data analysis of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) (2015–2016) and (NFHS-5) (2019–2021) datasets.

A comparative weighted sample secondary data analysis was conducted using individual sampling weights in SPSS V.29.0, encompassing all 29 states and 7 union territories of India.

A total of 8 11 808 individuals from NFHS-4 (699 686 women aged 15–49 years and 1 12 122 men aged 15–54 years) and 825 954 individuals from NFHS-5 (724 115 women aged 15–49 years and 101 839 men aged 15–54 years), were included in the analysis.

Changes in smoked and smokeless tobacco use between the two survey rounds, stratified by age, gender, residency, socioeconomic status, and education.

Prevalence estimates were summarised as percentages with 95% CIs. Differences between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 were assessed using the Z test for proportions, with significance at p

Bidi and cigarette use declined modestly among men, while gutkha/paan masala use showed the sharpest reduction among women. The overall prevalence of tobacco use declined from 45.5% to 40.8% among men (–4.7 points) and from 6.8% to 4.0% among women (–2.8 points). Bidi use showed the steepest reduction in the study. Among men, it was (14.9%–14.2%), while cigarette use declined modestly (13.7%–13.3%). Rare smoked forms such as pipe, hookah and cigar remained uncommon. Among women, the prevalence of smoked tobacco was negligible, whereas smokeless forms were more frequent but that too showed decline, with the largest reduction observed in gutkha/paan masala (2.2%–1.4%).

Tobacco use in India declined modestly between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, with greater reductions in smoked than in smokeless forms. Nonetheless, smokeless tobacco remains more prevalent among women, and significant disparities persist across gender, rural–urban residence and socioeconomic strata.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between waterpipe smoking, polycythaemia and cardiac risk factors, including blood pressure and obesity.

Cross-sectional Study conducted in 2022.

An-Najah National University (ANNU) in the West Bank, Palestine.

A total of 954 university students participated in the study.

A questionnaire used to assess smoking behaviours and other substance practices and patterns. Anthropometric and clinical measurements were measured and recorded, and complete blood counts (CBC) were obtained using an automated haematology analyser. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise the sample. Logistic regression models were applied to assess associations between smoking and polycythaemia. Also, there is a link between polycythaemia and high systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Out of 954 participants, 60% were females, 18.5% smoked cigarettes (57.1% daily), 31.1% smoked waterpipes (20.5% daily), 6.5% smoked e-cigarettes (18.2% daily), 18.8% had polycythaemia and 17.6% were obese. After adjusting for gender, obesity and other confounders, waterpipe smoking was associated with polycythaemia (OR=1.70, p=0.023), male gender (OR=87.89, p

The study findings indicated significant associations between high blood pressure and polycythaemia, tobacco smoking, obesity and male gender. These findings underscore the importance of addressing tobacco hazards and their potential impact on cardiometabolic health, particularly among young adults.

Smoking and vaping are especially prevalent among people with experience of psychosis (EoP), potentially increasing their toxicant exposure. Switching from tobacco smoking to vaping e-cigarettes reduces exposure to tobacco-related toxicants and likely associated diseases. We compared levels of nicotine and tobacco-related toxicant exposure among people with versus without EoP.

Cross-sectional study, secondary data analysis of Wave 5 (2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Data collection took place in the USA at the home of participants.

Data were from 5750 adults (aged >18 years) with and without EoP who smoked, vaped, did both or did neither. EoP was defined as ever being told by a health professional that you have schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychosis, a psychotic illness or psychotic episode.

Levels of urinary toxicants: nicotine metabolites, metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) among people with and without EoP. Analyses were adjusted for demographics, cannabis use and past 30-day smoking/vaping status, and were repeated after stratifying by smoking /vaping status.

Of the 5750 participants, 6.3% (n=361) reported EoP, and 93.7% reported no EoP. Levels of nicotine and TSNA metabolites, cadmium, uranium and some VOCs were significantly higher among participants with EoP compared with those without. However, when smoking, vaping and cannabis use were taken into account, the associations of EoP with nicotine and TSNA metabolites, and most of the VOCs, were attenuated and no longer significant.

Participants with EoP are exposed to more nicotine and tobacco-related toxicants than those without EoP, likely largely due to the high prevalence of smoking, vaping and cannabis use among this population.

Reliable detection of cigarette smoking is necessary for just-in-time adaptive smoking cessation support. Smoking detection typically relies on intervention recipients to self-report smoking behaviours and their antecedents, which is burdensome and subject to reporting biases, or on specialised sensors and wearables to detect smoking gestures, which may not be feasible for real-world implementation. Here, we describe an observational laboratory-based study protocol designed to identify signature biomarkers and hand–mouth gestures associated with presmoking, smoking and postsmoking using off-the-shelf wearable devices.

30 non-treatment seeking individuals who use combustible tobacco products will participate in the study. Participants will be monitored for 1 hour in a smoking chamber, during which time they will wear a Garmin device that will collect hand/arm movement, heart rate, heart rate variability, blood oxygenation and respiratory rate. First, participants will be in a nicotine-deprived state based on 12-hour abstinence validated by exhaled carbon monoxide readings (~20 min). Then, participants will be allowed to smoke cigarettes of their choice (~10–15 min). Finally, participants will be in a nicotine-satiated state (~25 min). Participants will be video recorded to allow us to label the data corresponding to the smoking stage and behaviour. We will conduct time-series analysis and analysis of variance to quantify changes in biomarkers between smoking stages.

The Institutional Review Board of the University of Kansas Medical Centre approved the study on 21/3/2025 (STUDY00161139). Participants will provide informed consent to participate in the study. Data collection is expected to begin in September 2025 and results will be submitted for publication in 2026.

NCT07067151.

Despite the rise in popularity of e-cigarette smoking or ‘vaping’, its long-term health consequences are still being investigated. In particular, it is unclear what impact e-cigarette use has on aerobic performance and exercise capacity. This information has important implications both for tobacco smokers as a harm reduction approach, and youth and young adults who are increasingly turning to e-cigarettes recreationally. Thus, this review aims to systematically evaluate the literature surrounding the effects of regular e-cigarette use on markers of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity.

This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines. A systematic search was undertaken in October 2024, using the defined population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, study time framework to identify all relevant articles. Studies will be eligible if they include individuals who use e-cigarette products, assess regular e-cigarette use as an exposure, compare to a group of non-users and report outcomes related to measures of cardiorespiratory fitness (eg, VO2max, 6 min walk test) or physical activity (eg, sport participation, meeting weekly physical activity guidelines), regardless of study duration. Searched databases will include PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library and Embase, with no restriction to date or language of publication. Two reviewers will carry out the title and abstract screening, full text review and data extraction. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for non-randomised studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (v2) for randomised studies. Study heterogeneity will be assessed using the Q and I² statistic tests. Efforts will be made to conduct a meta-analysis if sufficient data and homogeneity are present. Otherwise, a narrative synthesis will be conducted, focusing on common themes, subgroups and sources of variability.

Ethics approval is not required for this review of previously published or presented data. The results of the review will be disseminated via conference presentations and peer-reviewed publication. Moreover, results of this review may inform public health recommendations and identify areas in the field where further research is needed.

CRD420250589685.

To determine the prevalence and its associated factors of dual tobacco use among Malaysian adolescents in developing effective public health strategies.

Cross-sectional study.

This study analysed data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2022: Adolescent Health Survey (AHS), a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted among secondary school students across Malaysia.

This cross-sectional study used data from the NHMS 2022: AHS, which included a representative national sample of Malaysian adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17. Using a two-stage stratified sampling approach, this study included participation from 33 523 adolescents from 240 schools nationwide.

The primary outcome was the prevalence of dual tobacco use among Malaysian school-going adolescents aged 13–17, defined as self-reported concurrent use of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes in the past 30 days. Secondary outcomes included the factors associated with dual tobacco use, such as sociodemographic characteristics, dual tobacco use behaviour, marital status of parents, tobacco use of parent or guardian, supervision, connectedness, bonding and respect for privacy of parent or guardian, along with peer support and truancy. A complex sample analysis was performed using SPSS V.27.0, maintaining a 95% CI and multiple logistic regression was applied.

Out of 33 380 Malaysian adolescents surveyed, 1728 (5.5%; 95% CI: 4.88% to 6.28%) reported dual tobacco use. The prevalence was significantly higher among males (9.7%; 95% CI: 8.54% to 10.98%) compared with females (1.4%; 95% CI: 1.15% to 1.70%) and highest among 17 years (8.6%; 95% CI: 7.05% to 10.41%), with a decreasing trend in younger age groups. Predominant vapers constituted the largest proportion (9.9%, 95% CI: 8.66% to 10.13%) among adolescents who reported dual tobacco use, followed by predominant smokers (6.2%, 95% CI: 5.53% to 7.06%), dual daily users (4.5%, 95% CI: 3.18% to 5.64%) and non-daily dual users (3.9%, 95% CI: 2.79% to 4.39%). Dual tobacco use was more prevalent among adolescents whose parents or guardians used tobacco (8.1%; 95% CI: 7.10% to 9.20%). Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that significant predictors of dual tobacco use included older age (adjusted OR (AOR) for 17 years: 2.92; 95% CI: 2.19 to 3.89), male sex (AOR: 8.53; 95% CI: 6.78 to 10.74), ‘others’ ethnicity (AOR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.40 to 2.35), predominant vapers (AOR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.96 to 2.72), separated or widowed parental status (AOR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.42 to 2.02), parental or guardian tobacco use (AOR: 2.47; 95% CI: 2.08 to 2.94), lack of bonding (AOR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.49 to 2.14), lack of privacy respect (AOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.81), lack of peer support (AOR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.39 to 1.96) and truancy (AOR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.55 to 2.10).

This study highlights a concerning prevalence of dual tobacco use (5.5%) among Malaysian adolescents, which is notably higher than the current prevalence of exclusive cigarette smoking (6.2%) and closely approaches that of e-cigarette use (14.9%). Compared with previous national surveys and international benchmarks, the prevalence of dual use among Malaysian youth appears to be rising and represents a significant public health concern. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted prevention and control strategies addressing both conventional and emerging tobacco products in this population.

Policies and interventions increasingly aim to reduce smoking in outdoor public spaces, but evidence on factors influencing smoking in specific locations remains limited. Systematic observation can unobtrusively assess behaviours in environmental contexts, reducing biases from self-report. This study aims to develop and test the reliability and validity of MOSMOKE (Method for Observing SMOKing and vaping bEhaviours): a new tool for assessing the number of people holding or inhaling a cigarette or vape in public spaces.

MOSMOKE was adapted from a previously validated observation tool for assessing physical activity and well-being behaviours. Following piloting and refinement, inter-rater reliability for assessing smoking, vaping and age group classification was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). A main study assessed criterion-related validity through 32 hours of observations over 4 days. A 2x2 study design was used, with four sites selected that varied by two environmental characteristics: presence of a smoking bin and adjacency to an office block.

Four public spaces in Manchester, UK.

Inter-rater reliability was ‘good’ (ICCs>0.75; n=4) or ‘excellent’ (ICCs>0.90; n=2) for smoking behaviours, and mostly ‘good’ (n=4) or ‘excellent’ (n=1) for vaping behaviours. Observed differences in smoking and vaping behaviours across sites aligned with prespecified hypotheses that smoking would be more prevalent near smoking bins (p=0.02) and office entrances (p=0.006), supporting criterion-related validity.

This study provides preliminary evidence that MOSMOKE is a reliable and valid tool for unobtrusively assessing smoking and vaping in public spaces. It can be used to evaluate policies and interventions targeting smoking or vaping in specific environmental contexts. MOSMOKE is freely available, with a detailed manual to support its use.

The tobacco and nicotine industry fuels tobacco-related addiction, disease and death. Indigenous peoples experience a disproportionate burden of commercial tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in reducing smoking prevalence among Indigenous peoples; however, smoking remains a leading contributor to the burden of death and disease. This review will summarise evidence on commercial tobacco resistance and/or eradication strategies, including policy reforms, in relation to Indigenous peoples across Oceania, the Pacific Islands and North America.

This review will follow guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews and will be conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. This review will consider academic and grey literature published since 1 January 2000. The following electronic databases will be searched for relevant primary research articles and commentaries: PubMed, Scopus, Informit, Web of Science and PsycINFO. Additional searches will be conducted in ProQuest to identify relevant grey literature. Papers will be screened by two reviewers to determine eligibility, followed by full-text data extraction. Findings will be synthesised descriptively for each review question and by region. Studies included in the review will be assessed against criteria for Indigenous engagement in research.

This protocol was led by Indigenous interests, needs and rights of Indigenous peoples, consistent with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), the WHO’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and ethical practice. This review was conceptualised with Indigenous leadership and through engagement, including but not limited to the Indigenous lived experience of the authors (MK, E-ST, HC, PNH, PH, SAM, AW, SW and RM). This review supports the global goal of eradicating commercial tobacco-related harms – reframing commercial tobacco use as a structurally imposed harm sustained by colonial and commercial forces rather than personal choice. Findings from this review will be shared with Indigenous partners and communities who requested this work and will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication.

Open Science Framework https://osf.io/wxqcb