Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in Thailand and imposes a growing burden on the health system, driven by limited nephrology capacity and high rates of unplanned dialysis. The kidney failure risk equation (KFRE) estimates the risk of progression to kidney failure (KF) on age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. This study aims to validate and, if required, recalibrate the four-variable KFRE for the Thai population and to assess the potential impact of KFRE-guided referral strategies on clinical care and health system performance.

We will conduct a retrospective cohort study using linked, de-identified national health databases covering approximately 70% of the Thai population. Adult patients with CKD stages 3–5 will be included. KFRE performance will be evaluated at 2 and 5 years for discrimination and calibration. If miscalibration is identified, the model will be recalibrated using Cox-based methods. Simulations (1000 iterations) indicated that approximately 920 KF events by 5 years would be required to achieve the target standard errors for the calibration slope. A subsequent impact analysis will compare KFRE-guided referral with current Thai CKD guideline criteria and real-world practice using a decision-tree and Markov modelling framework.

Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Institute for the Development of Human Research Protections, Thailand (COA No. IHRP2025110), Imperial College London and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the use of anonymised secondary data. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conferences and policy briefs to supplement evidence-based referral strategies and health system planning.

Tobacco consumption is a significant preventable cause of death worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of tobacco consumption among Cambodian individuals aged 15–49, utilising data from the 2021–2022 Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS).

Cross-sectional study based on secondary analysis of the 2021–2022 CDHS.

Nationwide household survey conducted across urban and rural areas of Cambodia.

A total of 28 321 respondents aged 15–49 years were included in the analysis.

Tobacco consumption categorised as no use, smoking tobacco, smokeless tobacco and dual use. Descriptive statistics, ² tests and multinomial logistic regression were used to assess associations between background characteristics and tobacco consumption, with ‘no consumption’ as the reference category. Statistical significance was set at p

Among the 28 321 respondents (68.8% female), 91.8% were non-users of tobacco (reference group), while 6.9% reported smoking (predominantly males; adjusted relative risk ratios (ARRR)=39.29, 95% CI 29.70 to 51.96, p

While Cambodia has made notable progress in reducing tobacco consumption, the persistent challenges highlighted by the prevalence of smoking, particularly among specific demographics, indicate the need for targeted public health interventions.