Pain is an experience that is socially conditioned, like all human experiences. The scientific study of pain from a biopsychosocial perspective involves considering its complexity and multidimensionality. This means accounting for the anatomical and physiological elements of pain, as well as the psychological, social and cultural elements of pain. Despite the increasing acknowledgement of the biopsychosocial model, pain research still lacks standardised criteria for evaluating its social dimension. Moreover, the integration of social variables into empirical studies remains limited and fragmented. The aim of this review protocol is to analyse whether and how pain studies account for the social dimension, understood as the cultural, relational and contextual factors that shape the perception and experience of pain.
A systematic review will be conducted by consulting five international databases: PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Scielo Citation Index, Scopus and CINAHL Complete. The review will include empirical or theoretical studies on pain that consider its social dimension, are written in Spanish or English, are applied to human beings and align with the review’s objectives. The studies will then be exported to the Zotero bibliographic manager for further processing. The selection of studies will be carried out in two phases. The initial stage of the review process will involve a title and abstract analysis of the identified studies, followed by a full-text review. Data will be extracted using a bespoke tool created for this research. The quality of the studies will be assessed using a tool developed by our research group. Data synthesis will be carried out through descriptive and narrative analyses.
This systematic review protocol did not require ethical approval; however, the project in which it is framed has been approved by the CSIC Ethics Committee (271/2023). These findings will be disseminated by publication in high-impact, peer-reviewed journals and by presentation at relevant scientific conferences and academic congresses. The results will provide an overview of the integration of the social dimension of pain into the scientific literature, thereby contributing to the advancement of the field and informing future research, interventions and public policy.
CRD42024601863.
To estimate the frequency of antidiabetic prescriptions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Spain and describe changes in prescription patterns between 2018–2022 and 2023-2024.
Observational study.
Patients from primary care centres newly diagnosed with T2DM in 2018–2022 and 2023–2024.
In each period, the prescription frequency of an antidiabetic medication at the diagnosis of T2DM was calculated and subsequently subdivided into monotherapy and combination therapy. The prescription frequency of the most common antidiabetic drugs was also calculated. Calculations were made for the entire group of subjects and stratified by sex and age (under 60 years and 60 years or older). Comparison of the frequencies between the two periods was performed using the chi-square test.
In 2018–2022 and 2023–2024, 78.4% and 88.9% of patients, respectively, were prescribed an antidiabetic medication. The prescription frequencies for monotherapy and combination therapy were 66.1% and 33.9% in the first period and 57.4% and 42.6% in the second. The prescription frequencies for metformin as monotherapy and combination therapy were 57.4% and 27.8% in the first period and 46.6% and 39.8% in the second. Prescribing metformin with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and/or glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 agonists (GLP1a) was the most frequent combination therapy: 12.8% in 2018–2022 and 29.5% in 2023–2024. With a few exceptions, the prescribing pattern was similar by sex and age. The difference between the prescribing distributions in the two periods is significant.
Antidiabetic medication prescribing at the diagnosis of T2DM was high. Most prescriptions contained metformin. Monotherapy decreased in 2023–2024 compared with 2018–2022, while combination therapy increased due to increased prescriptions of metformin with SGLT2i and/or GLP1a.
In moderate to high-risk surgical procedures, 15–25% of patients develop a postoperative surgical site infection. Intraoperative incisional wound irrigation has the potential to reduce surgical site infections, and additional randomised controlled trials are required to provide evidence of effectiveness.
This protocol describes a pragmatic, adaptive, participant and adjudicator-blinded trial at 13 sites in Canada in up to 2500 participants. Participants planned for surgery with an abdominal or groin incision, who are eligible and provide verbal consent through an integrated consent model, are randomised to receive intraoperative incisional wound irrigation with povidone-iodine, saline or no irrigation. The primary outcome is surgical site infection within 30 days postoperatively. Secondary outcomes include quality of life measured 30 days postoperatively and morbidity, mortality and healthcare utilisation within 90 days postoperatively.
This trial has been approved by the research ethics board at the participating centres and stopped enrolling participants on May 23, 2025. All participants will provide verbal consent. Results will be disseminated via presentation at conferences, publication and posted on clinicaltrials.gov.
The study is registered with http://clinicaltrial.gov (
To evaluate the impact of a multilevel intervention in a surgical department on the segregation of non-hazardous healthcare waste (plastic and paper) during the perioperative period as well as its effect on the carbon footprint of the healthcare organisation.
A prospective before–after interventional study without a control group was carried out in the operating room of the Universitary Hospital Mútua Terrassa in Catalonia (Spain). A multilevel programme to improve the segregation process during the surgical interventions was implemented in several phases from May 2023 to December 2024. Data collection was conducted in each phase of the study through questionnaires addressed to the professionals along with calculations of the carbon footprint and the volume of waste segregation. The study is framed within the socio-ecological model and employs a collaborative design. The study population included all professionals working in the operating room (n = 320).
A multidisciplinary team was formed with consideration for all stakeholders. The project phases were implemented consecutively. A total of 141 professionals (44.4%) completed the baseline questionnaire. As a result of the project's development, the carbon footprint has been reduced to 79.1 kg CO2 eq/week, representing an 85% reduction in emissions.
The implementation of the recycling project has led to significant reductions in the amount of waste generated and it has been positively evaluated by the professionals.
The benefits of fostering a behavioural change among the professionals, coupled with the implementation of a well-designed segregation and recycling system, lead to significant benefits for the institution in carbon footprint.
Nurses can lead this type of project with a clear impact on both the institution and the environment.
Reduction of the carbon footprint in the operating room increased satisfaction among professionals for contributing to environmental improvement.
The reporting of intervention evaluation studies using nonrandomized designs: the TREND statement Des Jarlais et al. (2004) was used to evaluate the quality of the study.
N/A. Only professionals are involved in this study.
The increase in risky sexual behaviors among adolescent students has sparked alarm and has become an area of research interest. As adolescents prioritize confidentiality and accessibility, digital interventions are becoming increasingly relevant in sex education. We therefore posed the following research question: Are digital application interventions effective to prevent risky sexual behaviors in school adolescents?
A systematic peer review was conducted between January and December 2023 in five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) without restricting for language or year of publication.
We included randomized control trials or quasi-experimental studies that measured the effectiveness of interventions targeting young people aged 10–19 years or their parents and developed in a school setting. Interventions aimed at young people with intellectual disabilities, learning difficulties, or any disease requiring a specific intervention were excluded.
The search ultimately yielded 27 studies covering a total of 18 digital interventions that demonstrated positive effects, not maintained over time, on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, although the latter to a lesser extent.
We have found very interesting digital interventions with effects, among others, on knowledge, attitudes, and contraceptive use in adolescents. In general, digital interventions have positive effects on knowledge and attitudes, but it is more difficult to modify behaviors with strictly digital interventions or combined with complementary face-to-face sessions or group class activities.
We thus believe that digital interventions are adequate to reduce adolescent sexual risk behaviors, and our systematic review facilitates the implementation of these interventions by sharing existing digital interventions that have had positive effects, as well as the main characteristics a digital intervention should possess to reduce sexually risky behaviors in adolescents.
Digital interventions with adolescents improve sexual behaviors and can be a valuable resource in education on this topic due to their accessibility and confidentiality, two key points for young people.
Objetivo: analizar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular del personal sanitario mediante la tabla REGICOR, en función edad, sexo, categoría profesional y turno de trabajo, así como el estrés laboral que experimenta nuestro equipo. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal cuya población fueron profesionales quirúrgicos Área V, Murcia, entre Enero y julio de 2020. Búsqueda bibliográfica y el instrumento un cuestionario con variables sociodemográficas y los factores de riesgo. Se explicó todo el proceso y firmaron Consentimiento Informado. Se calculó el RCV mediante REGICOR. El estrés con test de Hock y Escala General de Satisfacción. Resultados: muestra final n= 55, 18,2% (n =10) hombres y 81,8% (n= 45) mujeres, edades 35 y 64 y X= 49,4 años (DT = 8,7). Según la categoría profesional: 60% enferme-ros/as y 45,5% turno rodado. FRCV recogidos: IMC X=24,6 Kg/m2 presentando sobrepeso 32,1%, colesterol 30,9%, 22,6% hipertensos y 7,3% diabéticos. Edad y el riesgo coronario se relacionan de forma directa y significativa (r=0,550, p<0,001). Estrés< 42 puntos. Escala de satisfacción laboral 61,1 (DT=1,06). Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos muestran elevadas prevalencias de factores de riesgo modificables especialmente obesidad, dislipemia y tabaquismo. Según la tabla Regicor elevada prevalencia de riesgo alto o muy alto. Sexo y edad fuertemente asociados al riesgo coronario. Mientras que el turno de trabajo y categoría profesional no existe asociación. El estrés no está relacionado en la población del Hospital Virgen del Castillo.
Objetivo principal: analizar los beneficios para el paciente de la aplicación del protocolo Fast-Track en ATR. Metodología: se ha realizado una búsqueda exhaustiva de artículos en distintas bases de datos: WOS, Pubmed, Cuiden Plus y Scopus, y otras páginas webs oficiales de sanidad. Tras la aplicación de los criterios de selección, finalmente analizamos 22 artículos. Resultados principales: en la aplicación del protocolo Fast-track en ATR vemos que un elemento crucial durante todo el proceso es la promoción de la salud al paciente tanto para hacerlo partícipe en la toma de decisiones como para conseguir su confianza en este proceso. Conclusión principal: los datos reco-pilados apuntan que la implantación de este programa ha generado numerosos beneficios, destacando la movilización temprana y la educación sanitaria en este tipo de cirugías factores fundamentales para lograr el fin terapéutico de este protocolo.
Objetivo principal: identificar la existencia de escalas de medición validadas que nos ayuden a predecir la existencia de deterioro neurológico del origen respiratorio y digestivo. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en diciembre de 2019 en las principales bases de datos. Resultados principales: se incluyeron artículos que describen instrumentos para la detección precoz del deterioro neurológico y la calidad de vida en pacientes con Esclerosis Lateral Amiotrófica. Se incluyeron 15 artículos que nos brindaron información sobre los ocho cuestionarios más importantes disponibles y validados para evaluar la progresión de la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (EuroQoL, SF-12, SPB, ALSFR, ALSFRS-R, NPS, DMN, ALSAQ40). Conclusión principal: a pesar del trabajo constante para mejorar la calidad de vida y la dignidad de los pacientes y sus familias, actualmente no existe un cuestionario validado que prediga la existencia de deterioro neurológico respiratorio y digestivo.
Objetivo principal: Evaluar si el uso de catéter venoso central (CVC) impregnado en antimicrobiano es útil para la reducción de la bacteriemia relacionada con el catéter en pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), e identificar el antimicrobiano más efectivo. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en Bases Datos (CINAHL, PUBMED, CUIDEN, EMBASE, LILACS y SCIELO). Incluidos artículos de 2009 a 2017, inglés y español, que fuesen ensayos clínicos aleatorizados e incluyeran pacientes de UCI con CVC impregnado comparado con CVC convencional. Se evaluó la calidad metodológica de los artículos mediante la herramienta CASPE. Resultados principales: De los 8 estudios, 4 mostraron significancia en cuanto al uso de CVC impregnados para la reducción de infecciones relacionadas con el catéter. Dentro de los antimicrobianos usados, la minociclina-rifampicina muestra la mayor efectividad. Conclusión principal: El uso de CVC impregnado, puede ser efectivo en la reducción de infecciones en UCI. Dentro de las limitaciones de este tipo de catéter, a mayor número de luces y tiempo de mantenimiento de CVC, menor efectividad antimicrobiana.
Objetivo principal: El objetivo perseguido en esta investigación es estudiar la relevancia y características de la administración oral de fármacos, y sus implicaciones para los cuidados de enfermería, buscando aumentar la seguridad y efectividad de la misma. Metodología: Realizamos un estudio descriptivo en un servicio de medicina interna, concretamente de 194 episodios de ingreso correspondientes al año 2014. A continuación, se analizaron los principios activos y formas farmacéuticas más empleados por vía oral, revisando en la evidencia científica cuáles de ellos requerían recomendaciones especiales para garantizar la seguridad y eficacia en su administración. Resultados principales: La mayoría de los principios activos empleados poseen recomendaciones especiales, y se cometen errores e interacciones significativas como consecuencia de no aplicarlas. Conclusión principal: La administración de medicamentos oral entraña una serie de características, en la que los cuidados de enfermería, permiten al profesional garantizar que un proceso interdisciplinario como el tratamiento farmacológico, conduzca a una administración personalizada, segura y eficaz.