Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are rapidly escalating in developing countries and social factors such as the dynamics of the family play an important part in the lifestyle choices that lead to the onset and maintenance of chronic illness. There remains a gap in Malaysia as the majority of the studies were focused on the normal population rather than directly towards persons having NCDs. This study aimed to examine emerging risk factors such as family functionality and its association with NCD.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a multistage random sampling method.

Urban residential areas in Selangor, Malaysia.

A total of 2542 adults residing in urban areas of Selangor were recruited.

Family functionality was measured using the APGAR (Adaptation, Participation, Gain or Growth, Affection and Resources) scale and multiple logistic regression was performed to measure the association between emerging risk factors and NCD.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension was 10.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Widowed/separated status (adjusted OR (AOR) 41.53, 95% CI 19.06 to 90.48, p value=0.001) was reported to be a predictor of diabetes. As for hypertension, familial functionality (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.11 to 14.50, p value

There is a growing concern that family functionality is an emerging risk factor for NCDs. Future family-centred health promotion programmes should be incorporated to improve self-management behaviours and health outcomes.

To examine chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence, incidence, prognosis, kidney function decline and associated risk factors among people with diabetes and/or hypertension.

Cross-sectional multicentre study.

14 primary care centres across Jakarta.

Adults (≥18 years) with diabetes and/or hypertension were included. Exclusion criteria were receiving kidney replacement therapy, language barrier, cognitive impairments, refusal to consent and pregnancy. Participants were grouped into three categories: hypertension only, diabetes only and both.

None.

Primary outcomes included CKD prevalence, incidence, number-needed-to-screen, KDIGO-based prognosis and annual kidney function decline. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for CKD, uncontrolled blood glucose, blood pressure and albuminuria.

A total of 1263 participants were enrolled: 51% had hypertension, 17.6% diabetes and 31.4% both. Mean age: 57.1±10.2 years, 72.2% female and 76% obese. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors were prescribed in 32.3%, and only 1.2% used insulin despite a median glycated haemoglobin of 7.5% (IQR: 6.5–9.1). CKD prevalence was 14.8%, with an incidence rate of 9.1 per 100 person-years; number-needed-to-screen was 7. Based on KDIGO criteria, 48.9% were at moderate-to-very high risk of adverse outcomes. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 80.9 (SE=10.1), declining by 4.7 (SE=9.9) mL/min/1.73 m² annually. CKD incidence was higher with albuminuria (OR 3.6, p=0.007) in the combined group; older age (OR 4.5, p

CKD burden is high among people with diabetes and hypertension. Nearly half were at elevated risk despite preserved kidney function, highlighting the need for targeted early screening.