To establish the incidence of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) post hospitalisation with influenza.

Retrospective cohort study.

Electronic healthcare records from Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) linked to Hospital Episode Statistics in England.

13 710 adults with a first episode of hospitalised influenza as the primary cause for admission between 1 July 2004 and 1 March 2021 based on ICD-10 codes without pre-existing DM were included. A randomly selected group (a) from CPRD records matched for age, sex and General Practitioner (GP) practice and (b) an unmatched group of hospitalised sepsis patients were used as comparator groups.

Patients were followed from 1 day after discharge till either DM diagnosis, death or end of GP record. HRs for incidence of DM were calculated using adjusted Cox regression models.

Incidence of DM was 12.5 per 1000 person years. Adjusted HRs (aHR) for developing DM after hospitalised influenza compared with matched controls was 1.54 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.70, p

Patients’ post hospitalisation with influenza had a greater incidence of DM when compared with both matched controls and patients following hospitalisation with sepsis.

Growing evidence points towards the integral role of both central and peripheral inflammation across all neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The immune alterations observed in these diseases may occur long before the onset of clinical and cognitive symptoms; however, the exact timing and role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease remains unclear. Findings to date are conflicting, with most work focused on AD rather than other dementias and most studies from single sites and cross-sectional. Through longitudinally examining detailed phenotypes of the peripheral immune system using mass cytometry, the Immune Profiling in Early Cognitive Disorders study aims to uncover specific immune signatures in early AD and DLB, how these signatures change over time and how they relate to disease progression and cognitive changes.

Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and urine samples will be collected from a cohort of participants with either prodromal (mild cognitive impairment) or early dementia due to Lewy bodies or AD (MCI-LB and DLB; and MCI-AD and AD), alongside healthy controls. Through immunophenotyping with mass cytometry, detailed immune fingerprints will be identified for these groups. We will assess which key combinations of immune cell clusters are predictive of disease phenotype, cognitive decline and progression to dementia. Samples will also be evaluated with novel techniques to measure markers of degenerative pathology and inflammation.

This study was approved by the Preston North West Research Ethics committee (21/NW/0314) and is registered with the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN62392656). The study is ongoing (since June 2022). Baseline visits are being undertaken, and follow-up visits have started for some participants. Full data analyses will be completed and submitted for publication upon conclusion of the study.