To assess access to child-appropriate medicines in Albanian community pharmacies by applying a child-adapted version of sustainable development goal (SDG) indicator 3.b.3.

Cross-sectional survey.

Community pharmacies providing primary care medicines in six urban areas in Albania.

Thirty community pharmacies were surveyed. Two predefined baskets of child-appropriate essential medicines were assessed: 24 medicines for children aged 1–59 months and 25 medicines for children aged 5–12 years. Medicines were selected from these child-adapted SDG 3.b.3 medicine baskets proposed at an international level and then matched to paediatric formulations registered nationally for application to Albania.

Individual facility scores by age group and medicine type (originator brands (OBs) vs lowest-priced generics (LPGs)), as well as sensitivity analyses using alternative affordability thresholds.

The SDG 3.b.3 indicator score was 0%, as no surveyed facility reached the 80% access threshold. Mean facility scores were 42.6% for medicines intended for children aged 1–59 months and 29.6% for those aged 5–12 years, indicating poorer access for older children. Scores for OBs were particularly low (11.8% and 13.6%, respectively), reflecting reliance on LPGs. In younger children, ibuprofen and hydroxycobalamin showed 0% availability, while in school-aged children, paracetamol, propranolol and budesonide were absent across surveyed facilities; benzylpenicillin was absent in both age groups, whereas ceftriaxone was consistently available in both. Although all surveyed medicines were affordable, limited availability remained the primary barrier to access.

Application of the child-adapted SDG indicator 3.b.3 in Albania highlights substantial gaps in access to essential paediatric medicines in private community pharmacies, driven primarily by poor availability rather than affordability. The findings underscore the need for targeted supply-side policies. This study demonstrates the complementary value of composite SDG indicators and medicine-specific availability measures in monitoring progress toward universal health coverage for children.

Demographic change is resulting in a growing number of individuals requiring nursing care, while the availability of professional caregivers is simultaneously declining. This imbalance places increasing pressure on care provision, particularly in home settings and rural areas. Primary care services are also under pressure. Digital solutions such as teleconsultations are considered promising strategies to support intersectoral collaboration in long-term care and to mitigate existing gaps in service provision.

Seven teleconsultation projects in long-term care are being conducted using a mixed-methods design aligned with the phases of the Medical Research Council framework: with a focus on the feasibility phase. Data on structural conditions, usage patterns and user acceptance will be collected through standardised instruments (including Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and Fit between Individuals, Task and Technology). In addition, focus groups and interviews will be carried out. The quantitative analysis will include descriptive and inferential statistical methods and will be complemented by a cost–consequence analysis. The qualitative data will be analysed using structuring content analysis. The aim is to provide a context-informed and theory-informed assessment of the implementation and potential impact of telemedical consultations.

The study has been approved by the Ethics Committee in Tübingen. Participation is voluntary and based on written informed consent. Data protection is ensured in accordance with the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation); all data are pseudonymised and processed separately. Results will be communicated in a target group-appropriate manner and published in scientific journals. Practice-oriented recommendations will be developed to support the further advancement of telemedical care in nursing.

Type 2 diabetes is a growing global health challenge that requires effective prevention strategies. Public health and community-based approaches play an essential role in reaching vulnerable populations and addressing broader determinants of health. This protocol outlines a scoping review aimed at systematically mapping the existing evidence on lifestyle-based diabetes prevention interventions implemented in public health and community contexts.

A systematic literature search will be conducted to identify relevant studies published in English or German from 1 January 2014 onwards. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL (via EBSCO), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (via OVID) and ClinicalTrials.gov. Relevant websites and grey literature sources will be searched to identify further eligible studies. (Cluster-)randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials and clinical trials will be included. These must examine nutrition-based, physical activity-based or lifestyle-based interventions aimed at preventing type 2 diabetes in healthy adults or individuals with pre-diabetes, implemented in public health or community settings. Case reports and studies involving medical therapies or pharmacological interventions will be excluded. The literature search started in May 2025 and is expected to be completed by the end of December 2025.

As this scoping review is based on the secondary analysis of publicly available data, no ethical approval is required. Our dissemination strategy includes publication in peer-reviewed journals, presentations at academic conferences and targeted dissemination to relevant interest holders.

This project has been registered at Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/zafg5/), as PROSPERO does not accept registrations for scoping reviews.

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are central to generating high-quality evidence in the surgical field but face unique methodological and practical challenges, including recruitment, follow-up, blinding and ensuring patient-centred outcomes. Patient and public involvement (PPI) has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the relevance, quality and impact of surgical research by actively involving patients throughout the whole research process. Despite growing recognition of its value, the integration and reporting of PPI in surgical RCTs remain inconsistent, and no systematic evaluation has yet addressed its application within general and abdominal surgery.

RCTs in general and abdominal surgery published since 2014 will be identified through systematic searches of the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science and CENTRAL. This systematic review and primary (meta-epidemiological) statistical analysis will assess the reporting prevalence, implementation extent and quality of PPI over time. The Guidance for Reporting Involvement of Patients and the Public 2 (GRIPP2)-SF checklist and Cochrane Risk of Bias V.2.0 tool will be used to evaluate PPI reporting and study quality. To enable a comparison between studies reporting PPI and those that do not, propensity score matching will be performed to identify non-PPI studies with similar population and design characteristics. Subsequently, regression analyses will be employed to investigate potential associations between PPI reporting and various trial characteristics, including patient recruitment and retention, outcome selection and methodological quality. The Patient Advisory Board of the Study Centre of the German Society of Surgery is actively engaged in all phases of the systematic review.

This systematic review does not require ethical approval. Results will be published in an international peer-reviewed scientific journal, as well as distributed in a lay format to the patient community and to the broader public.

CRD42024524426.