Teenage pregnancy is a significant global public health challenge with far-reaching consequences for young mothers, their children, families and society at large. Yet, the evidence synthesis landscape in teenage pregnancy prevention remains fragmented, with systematic reviews typically examining specific intervention types, target populations or geographical settings in isolation. This protocol outlines a scoping review to map and describe the extent, range and nature of existing systematic review evidence on interventions aimed at addressing teenage pregnancy.

We will conduct a comprehensive search of multiple databases, including PubMed Central, Embase, CINAHL and ProQuest Central, systematic review repositories and grey literature sources from inception to date. Two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and full-text articles using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with disagreements resolved through discussion or third-party adjudication. Data will be extracted using a standardised form and synthesised narratively, with results presented descriptively, as no meta-analysis is planned for this scoping review.

This review does not require ethical approval, as only published data will be analysed. Results will be shared using peer-reviewed publications. Data sets emerging from the study will be made available on the Open Science Framework.

This review was initially registered on the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/F2AH7) in July 2025. The protocol will be updated and re-registered after incorporating feedback from the journal’s peer review process.

Medication returned by patients to healthcare facilities is a critical aspect of reverse logistics, intersecting healthcare delivery, patient safety and environmental sustainability, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where systemic inefficiencies and socio-cultural factors may exacerbate the issue. While emerging medication return programmes are recognised for their potential to enhance resource efficiency and prevent misuse, they also signal inefficiencies in medical supply chains, prescribing practices and patient-provider interactions. This scoping review aims to systematically map the incidence and drivers of medication returned to health facilities by patients in LMICs.

This review follows Arksey and O'Malley’s scoping review framework and the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. Searches will be conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus, supplemented by grey literature sources and reference list screening. Searches will include studies from January 2005 to December 2025 and English-language publications, reflecting both the relevance of recent evidence and practical considerations for screening and analysis. Eligible studies must address the incidence or drivers of medication returned in LMICs and meet predefined inclusion criteria based on the Population, Concept, Context framework. Data will be extracted using a standardised charting form and analysed using narrative synthesis, supported by descriptive statistics and thematic analysis.

No ethical approval is required as this scoping review will analyse publicly available literature. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, academic conferences and healthcare organisations, with all data and search strategies made openly accessible through Springer Nature’s protocols.io preprint repository to support transparency and future research.

Springer Nature’s protocols.io dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.3byl4wd5ovo5/v1.

Child malnutrition remains a pressing public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where approximately 148 million children are stunted and 45 million are wasted. Although often conceptualised as a persistent condition, evidence indicates that malnutrition among children under 5 years frequently follows seasonal patterns shaped by agricultural cycles, climatic variability and socioeconomic conditions. Current interventions have paid limited attention to the food system dynamics that underpin these fluctuations. Adopting a system perspective, this scoping review will synthesise existing evidence on the food system determinants of seasonal malnutrition in children under 5 years in SSA.

The review will be conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodological framework for scoping reviews and reported following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. A comprehensive search will be undertaken across electronic databases (Google Scholar, ProQuest Central, PubMed, Scopus and African Index Medicus) for literature published from 2015 onwards. Grey literature will also be sought from institutional repositories of the WHO, United Nations Children’s Fund, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Food Programme. Screening of titles, abstracts and full texts will be performed independently by two reviewers using predefined eligibility criteria. Data extraction will capture study characteristics and food system determinants of seasonal malnutrition at micro, meso and macro levels. The Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Information and Mapping Systems framework will guide the analysis and synthesis.

As this review involves analysis of previously published data, ethical approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and social media engagements. Results will inform the development of integrated system-based approaches to address seasonal malnutrition in children under five in SSA. The full study protocol, datasets and supplementary forms will be published in an open-access repository in compliance with the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reuse principles.

This scoping review protocol is registered with the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/RU4ZX).