Enhancing maternal and infant health is a cornerstone of global health advancement. This can be achieved by building sustainable health monitoring systems that can accurately and reliably generate high-quality data and produce evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. By identifying gaps and strengths in current systems, this review aims to highlight current practices in monitoring maternal and infant health outcomes, including low birth weight.

The review will adopt the Arksey and O’Malley framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute’s Scoping Review Methods Manual. Three databases, including PubMed, Embase and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), as well as relevant grey literature sources, will be searched for articles describing active global population-based maternal and infant health monitoring systems published in English from the year of database inception till 30 September 2025. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts, followed by independent full-text screenings against predefined eligibility criteria, with data extracted using a data extraction form. After data extraction, a narrative synthesis will be performed. The findings will adhere to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines.

This review is based on publicly available data; no ethical approval is required. The findings of this scoping review will be published in journals and presented at relevant conferences.

The Circle of Security-Parenting (COS-P) group intervention has demonstrated efficacy in reducing maternal perinatal mental health difficulty (PMHD) symptoms in some contexts. The Circle of Security Intervention (COSI) study, a multisite, individually randomised, single-blind, parallel-arm controlled trial, was conducted in England to assess the clinical effectiveness of COS-P in reducing perinatal psychopathology, parenting and infant development, as well as its acceptability among the National Health Service (NHS) participants and staff. The main aim of this work is to estimate the cost-utility of COS-P plus treatment as usual (TAU) relative to TAU among mothers and birthing parents receiving NHS perinatal mental health services (PMHS) in England.

A within-trial economic evaluation was performed comparing COS-P plus TAU with TAU alone, using data from the COSI trial, which employed a 2:1 randomisation ratio. Analyses were conducted from both NHS and personal social services (PSS) and societal perspectives. A 12-month time horizon was used, consistent with the final trial follow-up.

Secondary care NHS perinatal health services across multiple centres in England.

A total of 371 mothers and birthing parents with PMHD were randomised and had complete economic outcome data; 248 received COS-P plus TAU and 123 received TAU alone. Participants were eligible if they were receiving NHS PMHS; exclusion criteria were defined in the trial protocol.

Participants in the intervention arm received the COS-P group programme in addition to TAU. The control group received TAU alone.

The primary economic outcome was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over 12 months, derived from the 5-level EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire - responses. Costs were estimated from NHS and PSS as well as societal perspectives, including healthcare utilisation and productivity losses due to work absence.

Compared with TAU, COS-P was associated with higher costs from both NHS and PSS (£180.58; 95% CI –£1075 to £1436) and societal (£72.94; 95% CI –£1473 to £1619) perspectives. COS-P was marginally less effective in terms of QALYs (–0.01; 95% CI –0.06 to 0.05). Probabilistic sensitivity analyses indicated substantial uncertainty around cost and effectiveness estimates.

On average, COS-P was associated with higher costs and did not demonstrate improvements in health-related quality of life compared with TAU alone. Given the uncertainty surrounding the estimates, further research is warranted to explore potential longer term economic and clinical impacts of COS-P in perinatal mental health settings.

SRCTN18308962.

The global population is ageing with percentages of older adult individuals aged 65 years and older projected to increase from 17% in 2020 to 22% in 2040. Therefore, comprehensive approaches that integrate health and social care are increasingly vital to address the needs of the older population and promote healthy ageing. The WHO defines healthy ageing as maintaining functional ability and well-being in later life, emphasising holistic health beyond disease absence. Older adults’ health outcomes are influenced by social determinants of health (SDH) encompassing factors across various domains including healthcare access, education access, social and community context, neighbourhood and built environments and economic stability. Research on healthy ageing is mainly focused on healthcare achievements, but designing comprehensive measures requires attention to the full spectrum of SDH. This protocol describes the scoping review that aims to collate and critically appraise published articles on SDH measures in older adults to promote healthy ageing.

The scoping review will follow Arksey-O’Malley five-stage scoping review method and the Joanna Briggs Institute’s Scoping Review Methods Manual. Studies available in English-language published from 1 January 2015, the year the WHO’s first World Report on Ageing and Health was published, and up to 1 February 2025, will be identified from databases including PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL and Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews. Two reviewers will screen titles and abstracts, followed by independent full-text screenings for inclusion. After data extraction, a narrative synthesis will be performed. Experts in the field will be consulted to ensure the results’ feasibility and relevance.

Ethical approval is not required for this review since it relies on available data. The results of the review will be disseminated through publication in journals and presentations at local, regional and global healthy ageing conferences or any related conferences.