To assess the burden of diabetes and prediabetes in the educational sector in Bahawalpur City, Pakistan.

Cross-sectional study.

Teaching institutes of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, during January 2024 to December 2024.

A total of 955 participants from 15 universities, colleges and schools were included. Eligible participants were aged 18–75 years and employed as teachers or academic staff and enrolled using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Primary anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, smoking status and HbA1c levels were recorded. Prediabetes was defined as HbA1c 5.7–6.4% and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as HbA1c ≥6.5%.

Among 955 participants, 622 (65.1%) were male and 713 (74.7%) were teaching staff. The median age was 42 years, and median BMI was 27.3 kg/m². The prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM was 31.7% and 15.4%, respectively, with 8.5% newly diagnosed cases of T2DM. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis found that age (p=0.006), BMI (p=0.008) and family history of diabetes (p

This study highlights a significant prevalence of T2DM and prediabetes in the educational sector of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Increasing age, BMI and positive family history of diabetes were independent predictors of prediabetes/T2DM.

To examine the associations between sleep quality and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and their associations with haemodynamic and cardiometabolic risk factors among adults with hypertension in Pakistan.

A cross-sectional analytical study conducted from February to July 2025.

Conducted in three tertiary care hospitals in Sialkot, Pakistan representing both urban and rural populations.

A total of 405 participants aged ≥30 years, diagnosed with hypertension, were enrolled. Patients with primary sleep disorders, psychiatric illness, pregnancy or incomplete data were excluded.

Sleep quality was assessed using the Urdu version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) with a cut-off ≥5. Blood pressure was measured as the average of three seated readings. LVH was determined by echocardiography. Modified Poisson regression with robust SEs was applied to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for factors associated with LVH and poor sleep, accounting for clustering by hospital.

LVH was present in 38.3% of participants, and 68.4% had poor sleep quality. In fully adjusted models for LVH, poor sleep quality was not independently associated with LVH (aPR 1.11; p=0.512).

Independent associates of LVH included:

Age (aPR=1.32; p

Systolic blood pressure (aPR=1.021 per mm Hg; p

Diastolic blood pressure (aPR=1.030 per mm Hg; p

Longer hypertension duration (aPR=1.47; p=0.002).

Overweight (aPR=0.77) and obesity (aPR=0.71) were inversely associated with LVH, consistent with the obesity paradox. Poor sleep quality was independently associated with smoking status, longer hypertension duration and higher blood pressure. Sensitivity analyses treating PSQI as a continuous variable (aPR=1.033 per point) suggested a modest dose–response relationship between more severe sleep impairment and LVH.

Elevated blood pressure, longer hypertension duration and smoking were significantly associated with LVH and poor sleep quality. Sleep quality was not an independent correlate of LVH, suggesting an indirect relationship mediated through haemodynamic factors.