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To assess the prevalence of workplace violence (WPV) against clinical nursing students during internships and quantify the prevalence of different types of violence, such as physical, verbal and sexual.
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Eligible cross-sectional studies that reported WPV prevalence among clinical nursing students were included. Two researchers independently screened literature and extracted data. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used to evaluate bias risk. Pooled prevalence rates, heterogeneity and publication bias were examined.
A comprehensive search was conducted across eight databases, from the inception of each database to 31 March 2025.
A total of 16 cross-sectional studies from eight countries involving 8037 nursing students were included in the analysis, with 11 studies (n = 5550) contributing to the overall pooled estimate. Using a random-effects model, the pooled prevalence of WPV of any type was found to be 40%, with substantial heterogeneity. Verbal violence emerged as the most prevalent subtype (47%), followed by sexual violence (12%) and physical violence (10%). Significant publication bias was detected for both physical and sexual violence, indicating a potential underestimation of the true prevalence.
This systematic review indicated that WPV is a significant occupational hazard encountered by clinical nursing students across diverse international contexts represented during internships.
These findings highlight the urgent need for educational and healthcare institutions and policymakers to implement coordinated measures, such as enhanced preventive training, comprehensive reporting and support systems and a zero tolerance safety culture to protect the future nursing workforce.
This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct or reporting.
The research protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251027354).
To explore the feasibility and acceptability of acoustic monitoring and real-time recommendations for stress detection and management (i.e., smarthealth intervention).
This qualitative study used a framework of acceptability for healthcare interventions.
From January 2021 to December 2023 in the U.S.A., we interviewed 10 family caregivers who had completed the 4-month smarthealth intervention. The caregivers shared their user experiences and feedback on the system's feasibility and acceptability. Data were analysed using abductive thematic analysis, incorporating the framework of acceptability for healthcare interventions and the collected data.
Seven themes and 19 categories emerged: attitudes, burden, ethicality, intervention adherence, intervention coherence, perceived effectiveness and suggestions. Feedback on the smarthealth intervention was mixed. Some found it beneficial, citing accuracy, ease of use and increased awareness. However, others felt burdened during its use, primarily due to time constraints.
The smarthealth intervention can potentially improve caregivers' awareness of themselves and caregiving situations.
Future directions should involve adapting the smarthealth intervention to consider diverse caregiving scenarios and incorporating a larger sample of caregivers.
This is the first study to offer a voice detection system and real-time stress management recommendations to caregivers of people living with dementia. An individualised approach should be considered to improve the system's effectiveness. This includes providing personalised intervention components, considering caregivers' time and establishing a user-friendly system with high accessibility. The findings can be a cornerstone for smarthealth interventions influencing dementia caregivers' self-care and emotional regulation.
Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research.
Members of the public and service users from a memory clinic and social media platforms contributed to the study by reviewing recruitment materials.
Trial Registration: This trial's study protocol was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (ID No. NCT04536701) on 3 September 2020 (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04536701)
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