To assess the mental health status and identify associated factors among rural adult women in Bangladesh.

Cross-sectional study using face-to-face interviews with a semistructured questionnaire.

Data were collected between January and February 2025 in three rural upazilas (Dhamrai, Nawabganj and Sreepur) using multistage systematic sampling. The semistructured questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, household assets and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The wealth index was calculated using principal component analysis. Cases with mild to extreme levels of depression, anxiety and stress were grouped together to indicate the presence of any level of the three mental health problems. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses using ², Fisher’s exact test and Welch two-sample t-test, and multivariable binary logistic regression to identify predictive factors of mental problems. A Venn diagram was generated to display the proportion of patients with anxiety, depression and stress. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (V.26) and R Studio (V.2025.05) with a significance level of p

A total of 1350 women aged 18 years or older who were available at home during the data collection period and gave consent to participate. Women who were unable to participate due to illness were excluded.

Participants had a mean (±SD) age of 36.35 (±12.58) years. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 47.7%, 60.7% and 23.2%, respectively. Moderate severity was most common among patients with depression (20.34%), anxiety (24.20%) and stress (8.03%). 20% of participants experienced all three conditions simultaneously, with 22% having both depression and anxiety. Multivariable analysis revealed that factors associated with an increased odds of depression, anxiety and stress were chronic diseases (ORs (95% CIs): 2.02 (1.50 to 2.73), 1.44 (1.05 to 1.99) and 1.91 (1.35 to 2.71), respectively) and history of abuse (1.84 (1.28 to 2.66); 3.15 (2.06 to 4.93) and 1.91 (1.28 to 2.83), respectively). Family history of mental illness was associated with an increased odds of anxiety (1.71 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.87)) and stress (1.61 (95% CI 1.01 to 2.52)). So was the presence of a caregiving role (1.68 (95% CI 1.18 to 2.42) and 1.50 (95% CI 1.02 to 2.19) for anxiety and stress, respectively). Having a financial problem was associated with an increased odds of anxiety (1.52 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.00)). A happy family relationship was associated with decreased odds of depression (0.28 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.93)), anxiety (0.22 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.60)) and stress (0.50 (95% CI 0.25 to 1.00)). Conjugal satisfaction was protective against anxiety (0.42 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.80) and stress (0.32 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.59)). Unexpectedly, higher wealth status (being rich) increased depression (1.56 (95% CI 1.04 to 2.34) and anxiety (1.57 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.41) risk.

A major segment of rural adult women of Bangladesh experiences mental health problems. The findings recommend community-based comprehensive mental health screening programmes, interventions and integration of mental healthcare into primary health systems to address this critical public health challenge.

To explore how health and social care professionals (HSCPs) in the UK conceptualise and respond to cognitive dysfunction in depression, including its potential long-term implications for brain health and dementia risk.

A qualitative, semi-structured interview study. Data was analysed using a code-book approach to thematic analysis.

The study was conducted in the UK, with HSCPs from diverse professional backgrounds including general practitioner, psychology, psychiatry, mental health nursing, psychological well-being practitioner and occupational therapy. A total of 12 participants were recruited via purposive and convenience sampling.

Three master themes were developed, (1) Cognitive dysfunction in depression, (2) Persistence of cognitive dysfunction and (3) Depression and dementia risk. HSCPs expressed challenges in screening for cognitive dysfunction in depression, particularly as dementia-related screening tools were used which may not be sensitive enough to detect depression-related cognitive deficits. A number of potential explanations were reported as to why cognitive dysfunction may persist after mood symptoms have lifted. These included substance misuse, role of education, neurological conditions and depression as a prodrome to dementia. Depression as a potential risk factor for poorer brain health in the context of dementia risk reduction was not communicated in clinical settings to service users. Barriers to communication included lack of evidence base on depression as a potential risk factor, as well as lack of guidance on communication practices in the context of mental health issues.

Cognitive dysfunction in depression is a complex phenomenon and remains under-explored. Challenges around identification and screening indicate a need for validation studies of cognitive screening measures for use in mood disorders, as well as pilot, acceptability and feasibility trials of interventions targeting cognitive functioning in mood disorders. Mixed-methods research is warranted to understand whether guidance on communicating depression as a risk factor for brain health is required and/or justified.

A dashboard was developed with and for Irish general practitioners (GPs) to improve their understanding of practice data. The aim of this study was to design and develop interactive CARA dashboards to enable Irish GPs to visualise patient data and compare their data with other practices.

An interpretivist qualitative approach was taken to create a deeper understanding of how GPs view and engage with data. It included four stages: (a) problem formulation, (b) building, intervention and evaluation, (c) reflection and learning and (d) formalisation of learning. The process included interviews to explore what type of information GPs need, as well as iterative testing of the CARA dashboard prototype.

General practice.

GPs, design experts and domain experts (antibiotic prescribing and stewardship).

Key challenges identified from the interviews (context, sense-making, audits, relevance, action, engagement and ease of use) formed the basis for developing the CARA dashboard prototype. The first exemplar dashboard focused on antibiotic prescribing to develop and showcase the proposed platform, including automated audit reports, filters (within-practice) and between-practice comparisons, as well as a visual overview of practice demographics. The design thinking approach helped to capture and build an understanding of the GPs’ perspectives and identify unmet needs. This approach benefits the quality improvement methodology commonly adopted across healthcare, which aims to understand the process, not the users.

The development of a useful dashboard is based on two key elements: users’ requirements and their continued involvement in the development of content and overall design decisions. The next step will be an incremental inclusion of GPs using the dashboard and an exploratory study on dashboard engagement. Additional dashboards, such as for chronic disease, will be developed.