Tourniquets as a haemorrhage control measure in military and civilian care settings: An integrative review

Abstract

Aims and objectives

The aim of review was to describe and synthesise the evidence on the use of tourniquets to control haemorrhages, summarising both civilian and military use.

Background

Trauma-related haemorrhage constitutes one of the most preventable deaths among injured patients, particularly in multi-casualty incidents and disasters. In this context, safe instruments such as tourniquets are essential to help healthcare professionals to minimise loss of life and maximise patient recovery.

Design and methods

An integrative review was conducted in Medline, Nursing & Allied Health Premium, and Health & Medical Collection, using published data until March 2021 and following the PRISMA guidelines.

Results

A total of 25 articles were included. Evidence has been synthesised to understand the use of different types of tourniquets, environment of application, indication for their placement and potential complications associated with tourniquet placement.

Conclusions

Commercial tourniquets such as Combat Application Tourniquet or Emergency Tourniquet models are a valuable and safe instrument for haemorrhage control in both military and civilian out-of-hospital care settings. Nurses, as part of emergency teams, and other professionals should be aware that there is a possibility of adverse complications, but they are directly proportional to the time of tourniquet placement and generally temporary. In addition, national and international guidelines ensure the need for all civilian emergency services to be equipped with these devices, as well as for the training of healthcare professionals and first responders in their use.

Relevance to clinical practice

Despite the lack of complications in the use of tourniquets in these cases, their use has been a matter of debate for decades. In this sense, this review yields up-to-date guidelines in the use of tourniquets, their recommendations and their significance among professionals to manage complicated situations.

Manejo de la vía aérea con dispositivos supraglóticos e infraglóticos. Revisión sistemática

Objetivo principal: comparar los dispositivos supraglóticos frente a los dispositivos infraglóticos no quirúrgicos en el manejo de la vía aérea, para determinar cuál de ellos reúne las mejores condiciones para un uso eficiente en la atención en urgencias y emergencias. Metodología: la búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos de Pubmed, Cinahl y Scopus, incluyendo todos aquellos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados cuya antigüedad no sobrepasase los 10 años, redactados tanto en inglés como en español en población pediátrica o adulta. Se excluyeron ensayos realizados en cadáveres o maniquíes. Para evaluar su calidad metodológica hemos utilizado la escala PEDro. Resultados principales: encontramos un total de 8 ensayos clínicos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Conclusión principal: sería conveniente, pero no necesario, utilizar dispositivos supraglóticos en situaciones de emergencia.