Tensive Adaption: A Grounded Theory on the Process of Nurses' Dealing With Workplace Violence

ABSTRACT

Aim

To explore the process of how nurses experience and deal with workplace violence based on nurses' perceptions and experiences in Iran.

Methods

An exploratory qualitative study was conducted using grounded theory approach. Participants included 17 nurses working in 4 hospitals in 2 urban areas in Iran with at least 1 year of clinical experience in emergency departments and intensive care units. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured individual interviews conducted between August 2024 and March 2025. The constant comparative analysis approach was used for data analysis. This research method was carried out in five stages: open coding to identify concepts; development of concepts in terms of their characteristics and dimensions; contextual analysis; integration of the process to data analysis; and final category integration.

Findings

The main concern of participants in dealing with workplace violence was a ‘multidimensional security threat’. ‘Perpetrator response to nursing care’ (at the individual level) and ‘organisational inefficiency’ (at the organisational level) provided the context for this threat. A general theme entitled ‘tensive adaptation’ was the core category in this research and included four main categories: ‘tolerant reactions’, ‘seeking help’, ‘passive reactions’ and ‘hostile reactions’. ‘Organisational damage’, ‘nurse damage’ and ‘patient damage’ were the outcomes.

Conclusion

The theoretical model of ‘tensive adaptation’ provides a new perspective on ‘what’ and ‘how’ nurses experience and manage workplace violence. Effective strategies for managing violence such as effective communication, empathy, providing appropriate care, anger management, self-care, effective teamwork and requesting support can be considered by nursing administrators and incorporated into training programmes for nurses and nursing students. The adverse consequences of nurses' exposure to workplace violence should receive greater attention, as the entire healthcare system is affected by this exposure.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

Workplace violence leads to physical and psychological problems, reduced job satisfaction, diminished performance, negative effects on personal and family life and decreased quality of patient care. The main concern of participants in dealing with workplace violence was ‘multidimensional security threat’. This concept includes three characteristics: ‘psychological health threats’, ‘physical health threats’ and ‘professional position threat’. ‘Perpetrator response to nursing care’ (individual level) and ‘organisational inefficiency’ (organisational level) served as contextual conditions that expose nurses to workplace violence. In ‘tensive adaptation’, nurses attempt to respond to workplace violence through strategies such as ‘tolerant reactions’, ‘seeking help’, ‘passive reactions’ and ‘hostile reactions’. ‘Organisational damage’, ‘nurse damage’ and ‘patient damage’ are the consequences of nurses' exposure to workplace violence.

Reporting Method

The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was used to report this study.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct, or reporting.