Breast and cervical cancers are among the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Ghana and impose substantial financial burden on households. Although diagnosis and treatment for these cancers are included in the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) benefits package, stakeholders report limitations in the scope and implementation of coverage, leading to out-of-pocket payments and potential delays in care.

To characterise NHIS coverage for breast and cervical cancer care and to explore challenges affecting implementation from the perspectives of key stakeholders.

Qualitative exploratory study using semi-structured key informant interviews and a focused desk review of national guidelines and NHIS policy documents.

12 key informants were purposively sampled based on roles in cancer policy, financing or service delivery.

Although the NHIS officially lists coverage for consultation, diagnosis, radiotherapy and selected chemotherapy medications, participants reported that these benefits are not fully realised in practice. Respondents described persistent out-of-pocket payments for breast and cervical cancer services due to incomplete or delayed reimbursement of screening and diagnostic costs, limited inclusion of costly imaging procedures and the exclusion of some essential and innovative therapies, including immunotherapy. Delayed NHIS reimbursement was cited as a recurrent problem that constrains facility cash flow and contributes to co-payments at the point of care. Stakeholders also highlighted misalignment between NHIS reimbursement tariffs and actual service costs, which discourages some facilities from providing certain listed services and thereby limits patient access.

NHIS coverage for breast and cervical cancer care still contains significant gaps, particularly in preventive services and access to advanced therapies. Policy actions should focus on strengthening preventive coverage (including screening and human papillomavirus vaccination), aligning tariffs with service costs, ensuring timely reimbursements and updating the medicines list through transparent, evidence-informed review processes.