Macrosomia is an emerging but neglected obstetric challenge in Africa, associated with potentially life-threatening complications to both the mother and the fetus, including maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence, associated risk factors, and neonatal and maternal outcomes of macrosomia by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science to extract data from those that have investigated various aspects of the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of macrosomia from the earliest records to 26 August 2025. Appropriate search terms were used for each database.

We included observational studies that examined the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of macrosomia in Africa.

Two independent reviewers used standardised methods to search, screen and code included studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models to estimate the pooled prevalence of macrosomia. The I² statistic was used to examine statistical heterogeneity. Egger’s test and Funnel plot were used to evaluate publication bias. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation to assess the quality of the meta-analysis.

A total of 29 studies comprising 269 934 mother–infant pairs from 9 African countries were included. The pooled prevalence of macrosomia in Africa was 6.35% (95% CI 5.22% to 7.48%), with substantial heterogeneity (I²=94.9%). Sensitivity analysis excluding one outlier study reporting a prevalence of 35.89% produced a similar pooled estimate (6.02%, 95% CI 4.94% to 7.10%). Significant risk factors for macrosomia included male neonate (OR=1.58, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.11), gestational age ≥40 weeks (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.97) and history of macrosomia (OR=5.44, 95% CI 1.82 to 9.06). With respect to outcomes, macrosomia was associated with an increased risk of shoulder dystocia (OR=2.07, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.03), and a reduced risk of postpartum haemorrhage (OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.91), while no significant associations were observed for gestational diabetes mellitus, caesarean delivery, neonatal mortality or maternal mortality.

Macrosomia remains a significant public health concern in Africa, with a pooled prevalence of 6.35%. There are multiple risk factors associated with macrosomia in Africa, including the male sex, prolonged gestation and a prior history of macrosomia. Also, macrosomia increases the likelihood of shoulder dystocia and other delivery complications. Preventive strategies and targeted interventions are needed to reduce the burden of macrosomia in Africa. At the same time, enhanced obstetric preparedness for macrosomic deliveries is essential to mitigate the associated adverse perinatal outcomes. However, our study is limited by high heterogeneity and publication and language biases, which should be addressed in future studies.

CRD42023485419.

Despite increasing proportions of underrepresented minority (URM) medical school graduates, their progression into surgical training and leadership remains disproportionately low. Barriers such as financial constraints, limited mentorship and implicit bias contribute to this disparity, creating a disconnect between the diversity of patient populations and those providing care. While interventions such as mentorship programmes and pipeline initiatives have been implemented, their overall effectiveness has not been systematically evaluated. The primary aim of this scoping review is to map the current landscape of interventions, programmes and policies designed to enhance access to surgical careers for URM learners.

Searches will be conducted on EMBASE, Web of Science and OVID MEDLINE. Three independent reviewers will screen references, extract data and perform analyses with disagreements adjudicated by a fourth reviewer. This review will include studies conducted across all levels of training: secondary (high school or secondary school), postsecondary (undergraduate, medical school) and postgraduate (residency, fellowship), with no geographical restrictions. The definition of URM will be accepted as reported within each individual study, allowing for variability in racial, ethnic, gender, socioeconomic or other criteria. The review will include any structured interventions, programmes or policies aimed at increasing URM representation in surgical education. Data on the nature, duration and target population of each intervention will be extracted. The primary outcome will be the reported impact of interventions on URM representation or participation in surgical education. Secondary outcomes will include characteristics of the study participants, definitions of URM status and any qualitative or quantitative evaluations of intervention effectiveness.

Research ethics approval is not required under University of Toronto policy. Study results will be reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Results will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders at conference presentation(s) and submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.