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The use of personal protective equipment can cause various skin problems in the facial area. The aim of the systematic review study is to determine the skin problems and related factors due to the use of personal protective equipment.
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Joanna Briggs Institute Systematic Reviews Tools were used in the methodological approach of this systematic review. The publications were searched using MEDLINE(R), CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases without year limitation. Data were screened, extracted and appraised for quality by two authors.
In total 1670 records were identified, of which 15 studies were included in the review. These studies were mostly conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies have shown that the incidence of skin problems in the face area is high due to the use of personal protective equipment. The most common skin problems were pressure injury, rash, irritation, sweating and moisture accumulation and acne. Anatomical regions with skin problems were nose bridge, cheeks, ears, chin and forehead. The duration of use and type of personal protective equipment and sweating and moisture were the most prominent risk factors for the development of skin problems.
This study has shown that though the studies included in the review have methodological differences, there is a high rate of skin problems related to personal protective equipment used in the facial region. Well-structured, prospective observational and randomised controlled trials are needed.
It is important to understand the types and causes of skin problems in the face area due to the use of personal protective equipment to protect the facial skin health of healthcare workers.
In the inclusion criteria of this systematic review, the patients or public were not included in the study.
The systematic review study has been registered in PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews System (CRD4202127650).
This study was conducted to adapt the Skin Tear Knowledge Assessment Instrument (OASES) into Turkish and to verify its validity and reliability. This study was conducted on 314 nurses in Türkiye between November 2023 and February 2024 to test the psychometric properties of OASES. The instrument consists of 20 items clustered into six domains. The cultural adaptation process was carried out according to the International Testing Commission guidelines: Turkish translation, expert panel, content validity, translation back to English, preliminary study and the final version of the instrument. To check the validity of the multiple-choice test, item difficulty and discriminating index were analysed. The reliability of the instrument was evaluated to the retest 14 days after the first test. Scale level content validity by 11 experts in wound care was 0,97 (I-CVI = 0.8–1.0). In the item analysed of the OASES, the item difficulty index was 0,51 (p-value = 0.34–0.76) and the discriminating index was 0.40 (D-value = 0.26–0.51). The 2-week test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient of the overall instrument was 0.90 (95% CI = 0.79–0.95). The Turkish version of OASES is a valid and reliable measurement instrument to evaluate nurses' knowledge levels regarding skin tears with acceptable psychometric properties. It can be applied in nursing education, research and practice to evaluate the knowledge of Turkish speaking nurses about skin tears.
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