The mode of delivery is one of the most critical decisions in maternal care, influenced by psychological, social, cultural and medical factors. Despite the known benefits of vaginal delivery, the caesarean section rate (40%–55%) in Iran remains significantly higher than the WHO’s recommended level (10%–15%). Fear of childbirth, anxiety, social norms and misinformation are among the key determinants shaping women’s delivery preferences. Understanding these factors is essential for developing effective interventions to promote informed decision-making and reduce unnecessary caesarean sections. Thus, the study aims to assess the determinants of the choice of delivery mode in pregnant women.

This study will employ a convergent parallel mixed-methods design to comprehensively investigate the determinants of delivery mode choice among pregnant women. In the quantitative phase, a cross-sectional study will be conducted among 768 primigravid women attending health centres in Tabriz, Iran. Data will be collected using standardised instruments such as the Childbirth Fear Questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and researcher-developed questionnaires addressing sociocultural, environmental and educational factors. Statistical analyses will include descriptive and inferential tests such as ² and multivariate logistic regression. In the qualitative phase, semistructured interviews will be conducted with purposively selected participants to explore their experiences, beliefs and perceptions related to childbirth and delivery mode choice. Data will be analysed using conventional content analysis. The findings from both phases will be integrated during the interpretation stage to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.

This study has received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (IR.TBZMED.REC.). Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. The study started in August 2025 and will continue until 2027. A similar study design will be implemented in a national, multicentre setting during this period.

Ethnic communities provide an appropriate setting for examining patterns of pregnancy and childbirth. Policy-making aimed at improving maternal health will be rendered ineffective in the absence of knowledge and comprehension of the traditions and beliefs associated with childbirth. The objective of this study was to cross-ethnically compare childbirth experiences.

This research used a cross-sectional methodology and was conducted in 2023. The sampling in the cities of Tabriz (Azeri), Sanandaj (Kurdish), Babol (Mazani), Khorramabad (Lur), Ahvaz (Arab) and Tehran (Fars) was conducted using the cluster random approach. The data collection instruments included questionnaires of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and childbirth experience (Childbirth Experience Questionnaire 2.0). In bivariate analysis, a one-way analysis of variance test was employed. In contrast, a general linear model (GLM) was used in multivariate analysis to adjust for the influence of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics. The data were analysed using SPSS V.24 software. The p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Health centres in cities with different ethnic groups all over Iran.

For this purpose, 1331 women from six ethnic groups who were referred to health centres were selected 4 to 6 weeks after giving vaginal birth.

The following are the mean (SD) scores (scoring range: 1–4) for the childbirth experiences of the participating women: Azeri 2.31 (0.32), Kurdish 2.14 (0.31), Fars 2.26 (0.42), Mazani 1.93 (0.38), Lur 2.14 (0.4) and Arab 2.06 (0.18). Results from GLM multivariate analysis showed that while Azeri (B: 0.25; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.35; p

Women of different Iranian ethnicities have varying childbirth experiences. Women of Azeri and Fars ethnic groups report higher satisfaction with childbirth than those of others. Mazeni women had the lowest mean scores for having a positive birth experience. To offer compassionate and effective treatment for their patients, healthcare providers must have a deep understanding of cultural diversity.

Child-to-parent violence (CPV) has received limited attention in scientific literature, but due to a recent increase in reported cases, it has become a subject of investigation. The reliability and validity of the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q), in separate mother and father versions, have not yet been studied in Iran. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian CPV-Q.

This research employed a cross-sectional design to evaluate the Persian CPV-Q’s psychometric properties. The process included translation (using backward-forward method), face validity (via impact score calculation), content validity (using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI)), construct validity (through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA)) and reliability assessment (via test–retest, coefficient α, coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)).

The study was conducted at the Faculties of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

A total of 500 qualified students from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were recruited using cluster random sampling. These participants completed the Persian CPV-Q.

Face validity was confirmed, with impact scores exceeding 1.5 for all items. Content validity was strong, with CVR=0.92 and CVI=0.89. Exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors related to violence frequency and two factors regarding reasons for violence, consistent with the original questionnaire, covering 19 and 8 items, respectively. Total variance explained was 0.30 and 0.39 for the mother’s version and 0.33 and 0.43 for the father’s version in frequency and reason sections. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test confirmed sample adequacy (

The Persian CPV-Q demonstrates adequate validity and reliability for assessing the prevalence and causes of CPV in Iranian society.