Long‐term effects of non‐pharmacological interventions in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Background

Consistent diabetes control is crucial for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to prevent diabetic complications. Analyzing the long-term effects of non-pharmacological interventions can improve diabetes management.

Aim

To examine the long-term effects of non-pharmacological interventions in adolescents and young adults with T1D through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

The searches, without any year limitations, were conducted in seven databases. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and risk of bias assessments. The meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan 5.4 program and R Studio. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024503185).

Results

A total of 40 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 28 were included in the meta-analysis. Notably, non-pharmacological interventions were effective in improving glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 6 months and self-care at >12 months of follow-up. Subgroup analyses revealed that combined interventions encompassing self-care behavior management, education, and psychological interventions could enhance self-care. Additionally, a combination of face-to-face and telephonic communication was effective in improving HbA1c.

Linking Evidence to Action

Non-pharmacological interventions are effective in improving HbA1c levels and self-care in adolescents and young adults undergoing long-term treatment. However, few studies have analyzed their effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Future studies should investigate the long-term effects of non-pharmacological interventions.