The important role of responsible media reporting as a low-cost, effective population-level suicide prevention strategy is well documented. However, research into its potential to generate protective effects and how this is perceived by audiences is underexplored in the Indian context. This qualitative study aimed to explore young adults’ experiences of exposure to current suicide-related and purpose-designed content in the media.

This qualitative study was nested within a larger randomised controlled trial. A semi-structured interview guide was designed to explore participant perspectives and experiences regarding exposure to media content.

The study was conducted with media professionals in Nepal.

A purposive sample of 20 young adults (10 males, 10 females) participated in the study. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed, and an inductive-deductive approach to thematic analysis was followed.

Participants shared a range of contrasting experiences related to suicide content in the media and their responses to purpose-designed media content. They reported typical characteristics of current media reporting of suicides involving sensationalism, exaggeration and simplistic assumptions and underscored its impact on mental health. The purpose-designed content elicited a sense of surprise among participants. It stimulated curiosity, improved understanding, challenged misconceptions and instilled hope. In contrast to existing media coverage, they viewed protective content as a valuable means of educating people about recovery and encouraging help-seeking.

This study uncovers unique insights into how young adults in the Indian context perceive and experience suicide reporting in the media. Our audience research indicates that current reporting styles may have harmful effects, while a more hopeful, recovery-oriented approach could offer significant benefits. These insights can be used to support meaningful collaborations between stakeholders in our efforts to encourage safe and respectful reporting that meets audiences’ needs to be kept informed.

CTRI/2022/09/045439.

To assess the effectiveness of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) as an adjunctive treatment to anti-snake venom (ASV) for resolving venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) in patients with hemotoxic snakebites.

Systematic review and meta-analysis, reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Europe PubMed Central, Directory of Open Access Journals, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP were searched from inception to 30 July 2025 using multiple terms, including ‘fresh frozen plasma’, ‘plasma transfusion’, ‘hemotoxic snakebite’, ‘vasculotoxic snakebite’, ‘coagulopathy in snake bite’ and ‘venom-induced consumption coagulopathy’.

We included randomised controlled trials and observational studies in the English language comparing antivenom alone with antivenom with FFP in patients with hemotoxic snakebite-induced coagulopathy. Studies must have reported coagulopathy resolution as measured by international normalised ratio (INR) normalisation or 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT) correction. Non-English publications, case reports, case series, reviews, conference abstracts, preclinical studies and studies lacking full-text availability or without quantitative INR or WBCT outcome data were excluded.

Two independent reviewers extracted data using standardised extraction forms and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool for randomised controlled trials and the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for observational studies. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis and expressed as ORs with 95% CIs. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

Four studies involving 370 patients were included (two randomised controlled trials and two prospective observational studies). The pooled analysis demonstrated that adjunctive FFP significantly increased the likelihood of coagulopathy resolution compared with antivenom alone (OR=7.71, 95% CI 2.20 to 27.04, p=0.001). No evidence of a significant difference in mortality was observed between groups (OR=4.96, 95% CI 0.55 to 44.60, p=0.15). High heterogeneity was noted among the four studies (I² = 67%), but a subgroup analysis of three studies, which used INR as the outcome assessment method, showed lower heterogeneity (I² = 25%). Adverse events were inconsistently reported across studies.

FFP as an adjunct to antivenom significantly improves coagulopathy resolution in patients with hemotoxic snakebite-induced coagulopathy. However, the certainty of evidence is very low because of methodological limitations, small sample sizes and significant heterogeneity. Although FFP shows promise for rapid coagulopathy correction, mortality benefits are not established, and it should not replace timely antivenom administration or comprehensive supportive care.

PROSPERO, CRD42023483336.