Post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) has emerged as a major public health concern. We aimed to estimate the 1-year incidence of PCC in adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Lombardy, Italy, comparing community-managed and hospitalised patients and to assess the prognostic value of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) score to support estimation of long-term PCC prevalence.

Retrospective-prospective observational cohort study enrolling patients infected between 1 March 2020 and 31 December 2022. The study visit was conducted between 16 January and 23 December 2024.

Multicentre study involving seven public hospitals and general practitioners across Lombardy.

Randomly sampled adults aged 18–70 years with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hospitalised patients (HP) were admitted for COVID-19; general practitioner patients (GPP) were managed in the community. The total sample comprised: 1162 (546 HP, 616 GPP).

This is an observational study with no active intervention.

Primary outcome: 1-year incidence of PCC retrospectively assessed at the study visit.

Secondary outcomes: symptom profiles, long-term PCC prevalence at the study visit and predictive value of the NIH RECOVER score.

Median age was 57.1 years in HP and 42.9 years in GPP; 66.1% of HP and 47.7% of GPP were male. PCC developed in 280 patients (223 HP, 57 GPP). The 1-year cumulative incidence was 39.9% in HP (95% CI 35.9% to 44.1%) and 9.1% in GPP (95% CI 7.1% to 11.7%). The NIH RECOVER score was associated with PCC at 1 year (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.21). Model-based long-term PCC prevalence was 31.8% in HP and 6.3% in GPP.

PCC remained frequent and heterogeneous, particularly among previously HP. In this cohort, the NIH RECOVER score showed prognostic value for estimating longer-term PCC burden. These findings underscore the need for structured long-term follow-up across both hospital and primary care settings.

To measure the perceived autonomy level in managing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) among paediatric residents and to compare perceived autonomy with the assessments by tutors who directly supervise and evaluate residents

A survey on managing LRTIs was distributed among all Italian paediatric residents and tutors via Google Forms between January 1 and 31, 2024.

Participants, residents and tutors were classified according to their training year and clinical setting: primary care paediatrics (PCP), emergency department (ED) and hospital ward (HW).

Perceived autonomy of paediatric residents in managing LRTI in different settings; overall perceived autonomy and interest in employment.

A total of 391 questionnaires were returned, with 273 completed by residents and 118 by tutors. Among residents, 3% in their first year felt fully capable of managing LRTIs without supervision in both ED and HW settings. This percentage remained below 25% until the third year and increased to 72% in ED and 83% in HW by the fifth year. In PCP settings, autonomy ranged from 15% in the first year to 96% in the final year. No differences were found between residents’ self-evaluations and tutors’ assessments. Confidence in skills showed no regional differences across Italy.

Most residents did not feel ready to manage winter respiratory infections in children without supervision, especially in the ED compared with the HW; however, self-confidence was higher in the PCP setting. Tutors shared similar perceptions. The location did not affect the response pattern. These findings caution against employing residents to work autonomously, particularly in emergency settings.