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Preventing skin tears (STs) in older adults is an urgent public health concern, especially in long-term care (LTC) facilities. However, limited research on ST prevention among care workers exists due to a lack of suitable assessment tools. This study aims to develop and psychometrically evaluate the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice instrument for care workers in preventing Skin Tears (KAP-ST) in older adults.
The KAP-ST was developed and validated in four phases during May–October 2024. First, an item pool was generated through a comprehensive literature review. Second, a preliminary instrument was developed through a Delphi expert consultation and pilot testing. Third, the items and the final instrument were optimised through a cross-sectional survey involving 317 care workers from 29 LTC facilities in China. Finally, a psychometric evaluation was conducted in another cross-sectional survey involving 373 care workers from 18 LTC facilities.
The final KAP-ST contains 35 items across knowledge, attitude and practice dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed a nine-factor structure (factor loadings ranging from 0.451 to 0.799, accounting for 61.35% of total variance). The Item-Level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) values ranged from 0.926 to 1.000, and the Scale-Level Content Validity Index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.991. The instrument's Cronbach's α, split-half, and test–retest reliability coefficients were 0.887, 0.744, and 0.934, respectively. The CFA analysis revealed an ideal absolute fit validity (RMSEA = 0.068; RMR = 0.029) and parsimony fit validity (PGFI = 0.684).
The KAP-ST demonstrates strong reliability, structural validity and content validity. It is well-suited for assessing care workers' knowledge, attitudes and practices in preventing STs among older adults. Further research is required to enhance and confirm its validity.
STs in the spotlight recently necessitate the use of appropriate investigative tools to facilitate in-depth research, especially for care workers, who should prioritise access to specialised knowledge. Introducing professional guidance in LTC facilities is recommended to enhance the knowledge, attitude and practice of care workers.
Standardised Guidelines for Scale Construction and COSMIN checklist.
No patient or public contributions.
To explore the network characteristics of symptom clusters in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus through network analysis, identify the core and bridging symptoms within the symptom network, and provide a foundation for targeted interventions and symptom management in people with T2DM.
A cross-sectional survey.
A total of 360 people with T2DM who were hospitalised in the endocrinology departments of two hospitals with Grade A in Daqing City between August 2024 and February 2025 were selected using a convenience sampling method. The symptoms of people with T2DM were measured using the Chinese version of the Diabetes Symptom Checklist-Revised (DSC-R). Symptom clusters were identified through factor analysis, and network analysis was used to identify core and bridging symptoms. This research adhered to the STROBE guidelines.
Six symptom clusters were obtained from factor analysis, which were psychological-behavioural symptom cluster, ophthalmological-neuropathy symptom cluster, cardiovascular symptom cluster, metabolic symptom cluster, body symptom cluster and nephrotic symptom cluster. Symptom network analysis revealed that ‘Deteriorating vision’ exhibited the highest strength centrality and expected influence. The top three symptoms with the highest bridge strength and bridge expected influence were ‘Aching calves when walking’, ‘Queer feeling in the legs or feet’ and ‘Sleepiness or drowsiness’.
People with T2DM commonly exhibit a range of symptoms. ‘Deteriorating vision’ is the most core symptom in people with T2DM. ‘Aching calves when walking’, ‘Queer feeling in the legs or feet’ and ‘Sleepiness or drowsiness’ are identified as the bridging symptoms in the network analysis. Healthcare professionals can design targeted interventions based on symptom clusters, core symptoms and bridging symptoms, thereby improving the efficiency of symptom management and optimising outcomes for people with T2DM.
No patient or public contribution.
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